29CFR 1910 Subpart D Walking-Working Surfaces 1910.28
Transcript Of 29CFR 1910 Subpart D Walking-Working Surfaces 1910.28
29CFR 1910 Subpart D – Walking-Working Surfaces
1910.28 Duty to Have Fall Protection and Falling Object Protection
The following provides some of the applicable definitions, in addition to, a brief checklist which provides guidance and information relating to OSHA’s recent Final Rule; 1910 Subpart D – Walking Working Surfaces.
Refer to the OSHA webpage, www.osha.gov for additional information and guidance on this subject matter.
Definitions applicable: 1910.21
Authorized means an employee who the employer assigns to perform a specific type of duty, or allows in a specific location or area.
Cage means an enclosure mounted on the side rails of a fixed ladder or fastened to a structure behind the fixed ladder that is designed to surround the climbing space of the ladder. A cage also is called a "cage guard" or "basket guard."
Dangerous equipment means equipment, such as vats, tanks, electrical equipment, machinery, equipment or machinery with protruding parts, or other similar units, that, because of their function or form, may harm an employee who falls into or onto the equipment.
Dockboard means a portable or fixed device that spans a gap or compensates for a difference in elevation between a loading platform and a transport vehicle. Dockboards include, but are not limited to, bridge plates, dock plates, and dock levelers.
Fall protection means any equipment, device, or system that prevents an employee from falling from an elevation or mitigates the effect of such a fall.
Fixed ladder means a ladder with rails or individual rungs that is permanently attached to a structure, building, or equipment. Fixed ladders include individual-rung ladders, but not ship stairs, step bolts, or manhole steps.
Grab bar means an individual horizontal or vertical handhold installed to provide access above the height of the ladder.
Guardrail system means a barrier erected along an unprotected or exposed side, edge, or other area of a walking-working surface to prevent employees from falling to a lower level.
Handrail means a rail used to provide employees with a handhold for support.
Hoist area means any elevated access opening to a walking-working surface through which equipment or materials are loaded or received.
Hole means a gap or open space in a floor, roof, horizontal walking-working surface, or similar surface that is at least 2 inches (5 cm) in its least dimension.
Ladder means a device with rungs, steps, or cleats used to gain access to a different elevation.
Ladder safety system means a system designed to eliminate or reduce the possibility of falling from a ladder. A ladder safety system usually consists of a carrier, safety sleeve, lanyard, connectors, and body harness. Cages and wells are not ladder safety systems.
Lower level means a surface or area to which an employee could fall. Such surfaces or areas include, but are not limited to, ground levels, floors, roofs, ramps, runways, excavations, pits, tanks, materials, water, equipment, and similar surfaces and structures, or portions thereof.
Definitions applicable: 1910.21 (continued)
Low-slope roof means a roof that has a slope less than or equal to a ratio of 4 in 12 (vertical to horizontal).
Opening means a gap or open space in a wall, partition, vertical walking-working surface, or similar surface that is at least 30 inches (76 cm) high and at least18 inches (46 cm) wide, through which an employee can fall to a lower level.
Personal fall arrest system means a system used to arrest an employee in a fall from a walking-working surface. It consists of a body harness, anchorage, and connector. The means of connection may include a lanyard, deceleration device, lifeline, or a suitable combination of these.
Personal fall protection system means a system (including all components) an employer uses to provide protection from falling or to safely arrest an employee’s fall if one occurs. Examples of personal fall protection systems include personal fall arrest systems, positioning systems, and travel restraint systems.
Platform means a walking-working surface that is elevated above the surrounding area.
Portable ladder means a ladder that can readily be moved or carried, and usually consists of side rails joined at intervals by steps, rungs, or cleats.
Riser means the upright (vertical) or inclined member of a stair that is located at the back of a stair tread or platform and connects close to the front edge of the next higher tread, platform, or landing.
Runway means an elevated walking-working surface, such as a catwalk, a foot walk along shafting, or an elevated walkway between buildings.
Scaffold means any temporary elevated or suspended platform and its supporting structure, including anchorage points, used to support employees, equipment, materials, and other items. For purposes of this subpart, a scaffold does not include a crane-suspended or derrick-suspended personnel platform or a rope descent system.
Ship stair (ship ladder) means a stairway that is equipped with treads, stair rails, and open risers, and has a slope that is between 50 and 70 degrees from the horizontal.
Stairway (stairs) means risers and treads that connect one level with another, and includes any landings and platforms in between those levels. Stairways include standard, spiral, alternating tread-type, and ship stairs.
Tread means a horizontal member of a stair or stairway, but does not include landings or platforms.
Toeboard means a low protective barrier that is designed to prevent materials, tools, and equipment from falling to a lower level, and protect employees from falling.
Travel restraint system means a combination of an anchorage, anchorage connector, lanyard (or other means of connection), and body support that an employer uses to eliminate the possibility of an employee going over the edge of a walking-working surface.
Unprotected sides and edges mean any side or edge of a walking-working surface (except at entrances and other points of access) where there is no wall, guardrail system, or stair rail system to protect an employee from falling to a lower level.
Walking-working surface means any horizontal or vertical surface on or through which an employee walks, works, or gains access to a work area or workplace location.
Warning line means a barrier erected to warn employees that they are approaching an unprotected side or edge, and which designates an area in which work may take place without the use of other means of fall protection.
Well means a permanent, complete enclosure around a fixed ladder.
(Refer to the entire 1910.21 for additional definitions applicable to Subpart D)
Additional Standard References:
1910.23 Ladders. Note to paragraph (d): Section 1910.28 establishes the employer’s duty to provide fall protection for employees on fixed ladders, and §1910.29 specifies the criteria for fall protection systems for fixed ladders.
1910.25 Stairways (b) General requirements (1) Handrails, stair rail systems, and guardrail systems are provided in accordance with § 1910.28
1910.29 Fall protection systems and falling object protection—criteria and practice (g) Cages, wells, and platforms used with fixed ladders. Note to paragraph (g): Section 1910.28 establishes the requirements that employers must follow on the use of cages and wells as a means of fall protection.
(h) Outdoor advertising. This paragraph (h) applies only to employers engaged in outdoor advertising operations (see §1910.28(b)(10)). Employers must ensure that each employee who climbs a fixed ladder without fall protection:
1910
Part I - Personal Protective Equipment
1910.132 - General requirements. 1910.133 - Eye and face protection. 1910.134 - Respiratory Protection.
1910.134 App A - Fit Testing Procedures (Mandatory). 1910.134 App B-1 - User Seal Check Procedures (Mandatory). 1910.134 App B-2 - Respirator Cleaning Procedures (Mandatory). 1910.134 App C - OSHA Respirator Medical Evaluation Questionnaire (Mandatory). 1910.134 App D - (Mandatory) Information for Employees Using Respirators When not Required Under 1910.135 - Head protection. 1910.136 - Foot protection. 1910.137 - Electrical Protective Equipment. 1910.138 - Hand Protection. 1910.139 - Reserved. 1910.140 - Personal fall protection systems.
1910 Subpart I App A - References for further information (Non-mandatory) 1910 Subpart I App B - Non-mandatory Compliance Guidelines for Hazard Assessment and
Personal Protective Equipment Selection. 1910 Subpart I App C - Personal Fall Protection Systems Non-Mandatory Guidelines. 1910 Subpart I App D - Test Methods and Procedures for Personal Fall Protection Systems
Non-Mandatory Guidelines
Standard.
1910.145 Specifications for accident prevention signs and tags
1926 Subpart L (Scaffolding) (direct reference is made to the construction standard for scaffolding)
1910.27(a) Scaffolds. Scaffolds used in General Industry must meet the requirements in 29CFR part 1926, Subpart L (Scaffolds).
1926 Subpart L, Scaffolds 1926.502 Fall Protection Systems
1926.450, Scope, application and definitions applicable to this subpart
1926.451, General requirements
1926.452, Additional requirements applicable to specific types of scaffolds
1926.453, Aerial lifts
1926.454, Training requirements. Supplements and clarifies the requirements of 29 CFR
1926.21(b)(2) as these relate to the hazards of work on scaffolds.
◦Appendix A, Scaffold specifications. Provides non-mandatory guidelines to assist employers in
complying with the requirements of subpart L of this part.
◦Appendix B, Criteria for determining the feasibility of providing safe access and fall protection for
erectors and dismantlers
◦Appendix C, List of national consensus standards
◦Appendix D, List of training topics for scaffold erectors and dismantlers
◦Appendix E, Drawings and illustrations. Provides drawings of particular types of scaffolds and
scaffold components, as well as graphic illustrations of bracing patterns and tie
spacing patterns
Criteria and Practices
(referenced in 1910.28(b)(1)(ii))
1926.503 Training Requirements (Fall Protection)
(referenced in 1910.28(b)(1)(ii))
Self-inspection 1910. 28 - Duty to have Fall Protection and Falling Object Protection
This section requires employers to provide protection for each employee exposed to fall and falling object hazards. Unless stated otherwise, the employer must ensure that all fall protection and falling object protection required by this section meet the criteria in §1910.29, except that personal fall protection systems required by this section meet the criteria of §1910.140.
This section does not apply: ► To portable ladders; ► When employers are inspecting, investigating, or assessing workplace conditions or work to be performed prior to the
start of work or after all work has been completed. This exemption does not apply when fall protection systems or equipment meeting the requirements of §1910.29 have been installed and are available for workers to use for prework and post-work inspections, investigations, or assessments; ►To fall hazards presented by the exposed perimeters of entertainment stages and the exposed perimeters of railstation platforms; ►To powered platforms covered by §1910.66(j); ►To aerial lifts covered by §1910.67(c)(2)(v); ►To telecommunications work covered by §1910.268(n)(7) and (8); and ►To electric power generation, transmission, and distribution work covered by §1910.269(g)(2)(i).
Condition / Topic Duty to have Fall Protection and Falling Object Protection Protection from fall hazards Unprotected sides and edges Except as provided elsewhere in this section, Each employee on a walking-working surface with an unprotected side or edge that is 4 feet (1.2 m) or more above a lower level is protected from falling by one or more of the following:
Standard 1910.28 1910.28(b) 1910.28(b)(1)(i-iii)
1910.28(b)(1)(i)
Yes No
►Guardrail systems; ►Safety net systems; or ►Personal fall protection systems, such as personal fall arrest, travel
restraint, or positioning systems.
***When the employer can demonstrate that it is not feasible or creates a greater hazard to use guardrail, safety net, or personal fall protection systems on residential roofs, the employer must develop and implement a fall protection plan that meets the requirements of 29 CFR 1926.502(k) and training that meets the requirements of 29 CFR 1926.503(a) and (c).
1910.28(b)(1)(i)(A) 1910.28(b)(1)(i)(B)
1910.28(b)(1)(i)(C) 1910.28(b)(1)(ii)
Note to paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of this section: There is a presumption that it is feasible and will not create a greater hazard to use at least one of the above-listed fall protection systems specified in paragraph (b)(1)(i) of this section. Accordingly, the employer has the burden of establishing that it is not feasible or creates a greater hazard to provide the fall protection systems specified in paragraph (b)(1)(i) and that it is necessary to implement a fall protection plan that complies with §1926.502(k) in the particular work operation, in lieu of implementing any of those systems. When the employer can demonstrate that the use of fall protection systems is not feasible on the working side of a platform used at a loading rack, loading dock, or teeming platform, the work may be done without a fall protection system, provided:
1910.28(b)(1)(iii)(A-C)
►The work operation for which fall protection is infeasible is in process;
►Access to the platform is limited to authorized employees; and, ►The authorized employees are trained in accordance with
§1910.30. Hoist areas Each employee in a hoist area is protected from falling 4 feet (1.2 m) or more to a lower level by:
1910.28(b)(1)(iii)(A)
1910.28(b)(1)(iii)(B)
1910.28(b)(1)(iii)(C) 1910.28(b)(2)(i-v) 1910.28(b)(2)(i)(A-C)
►A guardrail system; ►A personal fall arrest system; or ►A travel restraint system.
When any portion of a guardrail system, gate, or chains is removed, and an employee must lean through or over the edge of the access opening to facilitate hoisting, the employee is protected from falling by a personal fall arrest system
1910.28(b)(2)(i)(A) 1910.28(b)(2)(i)(B) 1910.28(b)(2)(i)(C) 1910.28(b)(2)(ii)
If grab handles are installed at hoist areas, they meet the requirements of §1910.29(l).
1910.28(b)(2)(iii)
Action Taken
Condition / Topic Holes Is each employee protected from falling through any hole (including skylights) that is 4 feet (1.2 m) or more above a lower level by one or more of the following:
Standard
Yes No
1910.28(b)(3)(i-v)
1910.28(b)(3)(i)(A-D)
►Covers; ►Guardrail systems; ►Travel restraint systems; or ►Personal fall arrest systems
1910.28(b)(3)(i)(A) 1910.28(b)(3)(i)(B) 1910.28(b)(3)(i)(C) 1910.28(b)(3)(i)(D)
Is each employee protected from tripping into or stepping into or through any hole that is less than 4 feet (1.2 m) above a lower level by covers or guardrail systems. Is each employee protected from falling into a stairway floor hole by a fixed guardrail system on all exposed sides, except at the stairway entrance. However, for any stairway used less than once per day where traffic across the stairway floor hole prevents the use of a fixed guardrail system (e.g., holes located in aisle spaces), the employer may protect employees from falling into the hole by using a hinged floor hole cover that meets the criteria in §1910.29 and a removable guardrail system on all exposed sides, except at the entrance to the stairway.
Is each employee protected from falling into a ladderway floor hole or ladderway platform hole by a guardrail system and toeboards erected on all exposed sides, except at the entrance to the hole, where a self-closing gate or an offset must be used. Is each employee is protected from falling through a hatchway and chute-floor hole by:
1910.28(b)(3)(ii) 1910.28(b)(3)(iii)
1910.28(b)(3)(iv) 1910.28(b)(3)(v)(A-C)
► A hinged floor-hole cover that meets the criteria in §1910.29 and a fixed guardrail system that leaves only one exposed side. When the hole is not in use, the employer must ensure the cover is closed or a removable guardrail system is provided on the exposed sides;
► A removable guardrail system and toeboards on not more than two sides of the hole and a fixed guardrail system on all other exposed sides. The employer must ensure the removable guardrail system is kept in place when the hole is not in use; or
► A guardrail system or a travel restraint system when a work operation necessitates passing material through a hatchway or chute floor hole.
1910.28(b)(3)(v)(A) 1910.28(b)(3)(v)(B) 1910.28(b)(3)(v)(C)
Dockboards. Is each employee on a dockboard is protected from falling 4 feet (1.2 m) or more to a lower level by a guardrail system or handrails. A guardrail system or handrails are not required when:
1910.28(b)(4)(i-ii) 1910.28(b)(4)(i)
►Dockboards are being used solely for materials-handling operations using motorized equipment;
►Employees engaged in these operations are not exposed to fall hazards greater than 10 feet (3 m); and
►Those employees have been trained in accordance with §1910.30.
Runways and Similar Walkways.
Is each employee on a runway or similar walkway is protected from falling 4 feet (1.2 m) or more to a lower level by a guardrail system. When the employer can demonstrate that it is not feasible to have guardrails on both sides of a runway used exclusively for a special purpose, the employer may omit the guardrail on one side of the runway, provided the employer ensures:
1910.28(b)(4)(ii)(A) 1910.28(b)(4)(ii)(B) 1910.28(b)(4)(ii)(C) 1910.28(b)(5)(i-ii) 1910.28(b)(5)(i) 1910.28(b)(5)(ii)(A-B)
► The runway is at least 18 inches (46 cm) wide; and ► Each employee is provided with and uses a personal fall arrest
system or travel restraint system.
1910.28(b)(5)(ii)(A) 1910.28(b)(5)(ii)(B)
Dangerous equipment Is employee less than 4 feet (1.2 m) above dangerous equipment is protected from falling into or onto the dangerous equipment by a guardrail system or a travel restraint system, unless the equipment is covered or guarded to eliminate the hazard. Is each employee 4 feet (1.2 m) or more above dangerous equipment must be protected from falling by:
1910.28(b)(6)(i-ii) 1910.28(b)(6)(i)
1910.28(b)(6)(ii)(A-D)
►Guardrail systems; ►Safety net systems; ►Travel restraint systems; or ►Personal fall arrest systems.
1910.28(b)(6)(ii)(A) 1910.28(b)(6)(ii)(B) 1910.28(b)(6)(ii)(C) 1910.28(b)(6)(ii)(D)
Action Taken
Condition / Topic Openings Is each employee on a walking-working surface near an opening, including one with a chute attached, where the inside bottom edge of the opening is less than 39 inches (99 cm) above that walkingworking surface and the outside bottom edge of the opening is 4 feet (1.2 m) or more above a lower level is protected from falling by the use of:
Standard 1910.28(b)(7)(i-iv) 1910.28(b)(7)(i-iv)
►Guardrail systems; ►Safety net systems; ►Travel restraint systems; or, ►Personal fall arrest systems.
1910.28(b)(7)(i) 1910.28(b)(7)(ii) 1910.28(b)(7)(iii) 1910.28(b)(7)(iv)
Repair pits, service pits, and assembly pits less than 10 feet in depth The use of a fall protection system is not required for a repair pit, service pit, or assembly pit that is less than 10 feet (3 m) deep, provided the employer:
►Limits access within 6 feet (1.8 m) of the edge of the pit to authorized employees trained in accordance with §1910.30;
►Applies floor markings at least 6 feet (1.8 m) from the edge of the pit in colors that contrast with the surrounding area; or places a warning line at least 6 feet (1.8 m) from the edge of the pit as well as stanchions that are capable of resisting, without tipping over, a force of at least 16 pounds (71 N) applied horizontally against the stanchion at a height of 30 inches (76 cm); or places a combination of floor markings and warning lines at least 6 feet (1.8 m) from the edge of the pit. When two or more pits in a common area are not more than 15 feet (4.5m) apart, the employer may comply by placing contrasting floor markings at least 6 feet (1.8 m) from the pit edge around the entire area of the pits; and
►Posts readily visible caution signs that meet the requirements of §1910.145 and state "Caution—Open Pit."
1910.28(b)(8)(i-iii) 1910.28(b)(8)(i) 1910.28(b)(8)(ii)
1910.28(b)(8)(iii)
Fixed ladders (that extend more than 24 feet (7.3 m) above a lower level) Existing fixed ladders. Each fixed ladder installed before November 19, 2018 is equipped with a personal fall arrest system, ladder safety system, cage, or well New fixed ladders. Each fixed ladder installed on and after November 19, 2018, is equipped with a personal fall arrest system or a ladder safety system; Replacement. When a fixed ladder, cage, or well, or any portion of a section thereof, is replaced, a personal fall arrest system or ladder safety system is installed in at least that section of the fixed ladder, cage, or well where the replacement is located; and Final deadline. On and after November 18, 2036, all fixed ladders are equipped with a personal fall arrest system or a ladder safety system. When a one-section fixed ladder is equipped with a personal fall protection or a ladder safety system or a fixed ladder is equipped with a personal fall arrest or ladder safety system on more than one section, the employer must ensure:
1910.28(b)(9)(i-iv) 1910.28(b)(9)(i) 1910.28(b)(9)(ii) 1910.28(b)(9)(iii)
1910.28(b)(9)(iv)
►The personal fall arrest system or ladder safety system provides protection throughout the entire vertical distance of the ladder, including all ladder sections; and
1910.28(b)(9)(ii)(A)
►The ladder has rest platforms provided at maximum intervals of 150 feet (45.7 m).
Ladder sections having a cage or well:
1910.28(b)(9)(ii)(B)
► Are offset from adjacent sections; and ►Have landing platforms provided at maximum intervals of 50 feet (15.2 m). The employer may use a cage or well in combination with a personal fall arrest system or ladder safety system provided that the cage or well does not interfere with the operation of the system. Outdoor advertising (billboards) The requirements in paragraph (b)(9) of this section (Fixed Ladders), and other requirements in subparts D-Walking Working Surfaces and I –Personal Protective Equipment of this part, apply to fixed ladders used in outdoor advertising activities.
1910.28(b)(9)(iii)(A) 1910.28(b)(9)(iii)(B)
1910.28(b)(9)(iv)
1910.28(b)(10)(i-ii) 1910.28(b)(10)(i)
Yes No Action Taken
Condition / Topic When an employee engaged in outdoor advertising climbs a fixed ladder before November 19, 2018 that is not equipped with a cage, well, personal fall arrest system, or a ladder safety system the employer must ensure the employee:
► Receives training and demonstrates the physical capability to perform the necessary climbs in accordance with §1910.29(h);
► Wears a body harness equipped with an 18-inch (46 cm) rest lanyard;
► Keeps both hands free of tools or material when climbing on the ladder; and
►Is protected by a fall protection system upon reaching the work position.
Stairways Is each employee exposed to an unprotected side or edge of a stairway landing that is 4 feet (1.2 m) or more above a lower level is protected by a guardrail or stair rail system Is each flight of stairs with a stair width less than 44 inches (1.1m) and having at least 3 treads and at least 4 risers is equipped with stair rail systems and handrails as follows: (See Table D-2 listed in 1910.28; The width of the stair must be clear of all obstructions except handrails).
►Enclosed Flight of Stairs provided with at least one handrail;
►Flight of Stairs having one open side provided with one stair rail system with handrail on the open side
►Flight of Stairs with two open sides provided with one stair rail system with handrail on each open side
Is each flight of stairs with a stair width 44 inches (1.1m) to 88 inches (2.2 m )and having at least 3 treads and at least 4 risers is equipped with stair rail systems and handrails as follows: (See Table D-2 listed in 1910.28; The width of the stair must be clear of all obstructions except handrails).
►Enclosed Flight of Stairs provided with one handrail on each enclosed side;
►Flight of Stairs having one open side provided with one stair rail system with handrail on the open side and one handrail on the enclosed side
►Flight of Stairs with two open sides provided with one stair rail system with handrail on each open side and one intermediate handrail located in the middle of the stair
Is each flight of stairs with a stair width greater than 88 inches (2.2m) and having at least 3 treads and at least 4 risers is equipped with stair rail systems and handrails as follows: (See Table D-2; The width of the stair must be clear of all obstructions except handrails).
►Enclosed Flight of Stairs provided with one handrail on each enclosed side and one intermediate handrail located in the middle of the stair
►Flight of Stairs having one open side provided with one stair rail system with handrail on the open side and one handrail on the enclosed side, and one intermediate handrail located in the middle of the stair.
►Flight of Stairs with two open sides provided with one stair rail system with handrail on each open side and one intermediate handrail located in the middle of the stair
Is each exterior flight of stairs with a stair width less than 44 inches (1.1 m) and having at least 3 treads and at least 4 risers is equipped with stair rail systems and handrails as follows: (See Table D-2 listed in 1910.28; The width of the stair must be clear of all obstructions except handrails).
► With earth built up on both sides provided with one handrail on at least one side
Each ship stairs and alternating tread type stairs is equipped with handrails on both sides.
Standard 1910.28(b)(10)(ii)(A) 1910.28(b)(10)(ii)(B) 1910.28(b)(10)(ii)(C) 1910.28(b)(10)(ii)(D) 1910.28(b)(11)(i-iii) 1910.28(b)(11)(i) 1910.28(b)(11)(ii)
1910.28(b)(11)(ii)
1910.28(b)(11)(ii)
1910.28(b)(11)(ii) 1910.28(b)(11)(iii)
Yes No
Action Taken
Condition / Topic Scaffolds and rope descent systems Is each employee on a scaffold is protected from falling in accordance 29 CFR part 1926, Subpart L Is each employee using a rope descent system 4 feet (1.2 m) or more above a lower level is protected from falling by a personal fall arrest system. Work on low-slope roofs When work is performed less than 6 feet (1.6 m) from the roof edge, the employer must ensure each employee is protected from falling by a guardrail system, safety net system, travel restraint system, or personal fall arrest system. When work is performed at least 6 feet (1.6 m) but less than 15 feet (4.6 m) from the roof edge, the employer must ensure each employee is protected from falling by using a guardrail system, safety net system, travel restraint system, or personal fall arrest system. The employer may use a designated area when performing work that is both infrequent and temporary. When work is performed 15 feet (4.6 m) or more from the roof edge, the employer must:
Standard 1910.28(b)(12)(i-ii) 1910.28(b)(12)(i) 1910.28(b)(12)(ii)
1910.28(b)(13)(i-iii) 1910.28(b)(13)(i)
1910.28(b)(13)(ii)
Yes No Action Taken
►Protect each employee from falling by a guardrail system, safety net system, travel restraint system, or personal fall arrest system or a designated area. The employer is not required to provide any fall protection, provided the work is both infrequent and temporary; and
1910.28(b)(13)(iii)(A)
► Implement and enforce a work rule prohibiting employees from going within 15 feet (4.6 m) of the roof edge without using fall protection in accordance with paragraphs (b)(13)(i) and (ii) of this section.
Slaughtering facility platforms The employer must protect each employee on the unprotected working side of a slaughtering facility platform that is 4 feet (1.2 m) or more above a lower level from falling by using:
1910.28(b)(13)(iii)(B) 1910.28(b)(14)(i-ii)
► Guardrail systems; or ► Travel restraint systems. When the employer can demonstrate the use of a guardrail or travel restraint system is not feasible, the work may be done without those systems provided:
1910.28(b)(14)(i)(A) 1910.28(b)(14)(i)(B)
► The work operation for which fall protection is infeasible is in process;
► Access to the platform is limited to authorized employees; and ► The authorized employees are trained in accordance with
§1910.30. Walking-working surfaces not otherwise addressed
Except as provided elsewhere in this section or by other subparts of this part, the employer must ensure each employee on a walkingworking surface 4 feet (1.2 m) or more above a lower level is protected from falling by: ► Guardrail systems; ► Safety net systems; or ► Personal fall protection systems, such as personal fall arrest,
travel restraint, or positioning systems. Protection from falling objects
When an employee is exposed to falling objects, the employer must ensure that each employee wears head protection that meets the requirements of subpart I of this part. In addition, the employer must protect employees from falling objects by implementing one or more of the following:
1910.28(b)(14)(ii)(A) 1910.28(b)(14)(ii)(B) 1910.28(b)(14)(ii)(C) 1910.28(b)(15)(i-iii)
1910.28(b)(15)(i) 1910.28(b)(15)(ii) 1910.28(b)(15)(iii) 1910.28(c)(1-3)
► Erecting toeboards, screens, or guardrail systems to prevent objects from falling to a lower level;
1910.28(c)(1)
► Erecting canopy structures and keeping potential falling objects far enough from an edge, hole, or opening to prevent them from falling to a lower level; or
1910.28(c)(2)
► Barricading the area into which objects could fall, prohibiting
1910.28(c)(3)
employees from entering the barricaded area, and keeping
objects far enough from an edge or opening to prevent them from
falling to a lower level.
*Information contained within this document is not intended to be all-inclusive nor reflect OSHA guidance, but more so
as a guide relating to the information referenced. Refer to the OSHA webpage, www.osha.gov frequently for up to
date information as well as letters of interpretation which may be applicable.
1910.28 Duty to Have Fall Protection and Falling Object Protection
The following provides some of the applicable definitions, in addition to, a brief checklist which provides guidance and information relating to OSHA’s recent Final Rule; 1910 Subpart D – Walking Working Surfaces.
Refer to the OSHA webpage, www.osha.gov for additional information and guidance on this subject matter.
Definitions applicable: 1910.21
Authorized means an employee who the employer assigns to perform a specific type of duty, or allows in a specific location or area.
Cage means an enclosure mounted on the side rails of a fixed ladder or fastened to a structure behind the fixed ladder that is designed to surround the climbing space of the ladder. A cage also is called a "cage guard" or "basket guard."
Dangerous equipment means equipment, such as vats, tanks, electrical equipment, machinery, equipment or machinery with protruding parts, or other similar units, that, because of their function or form, may harm an employee who falls into or onto the equipment.
Dockboard means a portable or fixed device that spans a gap or compensates for a difference in elevation between a loading platform and a transport vehicle. Dockboards include, but are not limited to, bridge plates, dock plates, and dock levelers.
Fall protection means any equipment, device, or system that prevents an employee from falling from an elevation or mitigates the effect of such a fall.
Fixed ladder means a ladder with rails or individual rungs that is permanently attached to a structure, building, or equipment. Fixed ladders include individual-rung ladders, but not ship stairs, step bolts, or manhole steps.
Grab bar means an individual horizontal or vertical handhold installed to provide access above the height of the ladder.
Guardrail system means a barrier erected along an unprotected or exposed side, edge, or other area of a walking-working surface to prevent employees from falling to a lower level.
Handrail means a rail used to provide employees with a handhold for support.
Hoist area means any elevated access opening to a walking-working surface through which equipment or materials are loaded or received.
Hole means a gap or open space in a floor, roof, horizontal walking-working surface, or similar surface that is at least 2 inches (5 cm) in its least dimension.
Ladder means a device with rungs, steps, or cleats used to gain access to a different elevation.
Ladder safety system means a system designed to eliminate or reduce the possibility of falling from a ladder. A ladder safety system usually consists of a carrier, safety sleeve, lanyard, connectors, and body harness. Cages and wells are not ladder safety systems.
Lower level means a surface or area to which an employee could fall. Such surfaces or areas include, but are not limited to, ground levels, floors, roofs, ramps, runways, excavations, pits, tanks, materials, water, equipment, and similar surfaces and structures, or portions thereof.
Definitions applicable: 1910.21 (continued)
Low-slope roof means a roof that has a slope less than or equal to a ratio of 4 in 12 (vertical to horizontal).
Opening means a gap or open space in a wall, partition, vertical walking-working surface, or similar surface that is at least 30 inches (76 cm) high and at least18 inches (46 cm) wide, through which an employee can fall to a lower level.
Personal fall arrest system means a system used to arrest an employee in a fall from a walking-working surface. It consists of a body harness, anchorage, and connector. The means of connection may include a lanyard, deceleration device, lifeline, or a suitable combination of these.
Personal fall protection system means a system (including all components) an employer uses to provide protection from falling or to safely arrest an employee’s fall if one occurs. Examples of personal fall protection systems include personal fall arrest systems, positioning systems, and travel restraint systems.
Platform means a walking-working surface that is elevated above the surrounding area.
Portable ladder means a ladder that can readily be moved or carried, and usually consists of side rails joined at intervals by steps, rungs, or cleats.
Riser means the upright (vertical) or inclined member of a stair that is located at the back of a stair tread or platform and connects close to the front edge of the next higher tread, platform, or landing.
Runway means an elevated walking-working surface, such as a catwalk, a foot walk along shafting, or an elevated walkway between buildings.
Scaffold means any temporary elevated or suspended platform and its supporting structure, including anchorage points, used to support employees, equipment, materials, and other items. For purposes of this subpart, a scaffold does not include a crane-suspended or derrick-suspended personnel platform or a rope descent system.
Ship stair (ship ladder) means a stairway that is equipped with treads, stair rails, and open risers, and has a slope that is between 50 and 70 degrees from the horizontal.
Stairway (stairs) means risers and treads that connect one level with another, and includes any landings and platforms in between those levels. Stairways include standard, spiral, alternating tread-type, and ship stairs.
Tread means a horizontal member of a stair or stairway, but does not include landings or platforms.
Toeboard means a low protective barrier that is designed to prevent materials, tools, and equipment from falling to a lower level, and protect employees from falling.
Travel restraint system means a combination of an anchorage, anchorage connector, lanyard (or other means of connection), and body support that an employer uses to eliminate the possibility of an employee going over the edge of a walking-working surface.
Unprotected sides and edges mean any side or edge of a walking-working surface (except at entrances and other points of access) where there is no wall, guardrail system, or stair rail system to protect an employee from falling to a lower level.
Walking-working surface means any horizontal or vertical surface on or through which an employee walks, works, or gains access to a work area or workplace location.
Warning line means a barrier erected to warn employees that they are approaching an unprotected side or edge, and which designates an area in which work may take place without the use of other means of fall protection.
Well means a permanent, complete enclosure around a fixed ladder.
(Refer to the entire 1910.21 for additional definitions applicable to Subpart D)
Additional Standard References:
1910.23 Ladders. Note to paragraph (d): Section 1910.28 establishes the employer’s duty to provide fall protection for employees on fixed ladders, and §1910.29 specifies the criteria for fall protection systems for fixed ladders.
1910.25 Stairways (b) General requirements (1) Handrails, stair rail systems, and guardrail systems are provided in accordance with § 1910.28
1910.29 Fall protection systems and falling object protection—criteria and practice (g) Cages, wells, and platforms used with fixed ladders. Note to paragraph (g): Section 1910.28 establishes the requirements that employers must follow on the use of cages and wells as a means of fall protection.
(h) Outdoor advertising. This paragraph (h) applies only to employers engaged in outdoor advertising operations (see §1910.28(b)(10)). Employers must ensure that each employee who climbs a fixed ladder without fall protection:
1910
Part I - Personal Protective Equipment
1910.132 - General requirements. 1910.133 - Eye and face protection. 1910.134 - Respiratory Protection.
1910.134 App A - Fit Testing Procedures (Mandatory). 1910.134 App B-1 - User Seal Check Procedures (Mandatory). 1910.134 App B-2 - Respirator Cleaning Procedures (Mandatory). 1910.134 App C - OSHA Respirator Medical Evaluation Questionnaire (Mandatory). 1910.134 App D - (Mandatory) Information for Employees Using Respirators When not Required Under 1910.135 - Head protection. 1910.136 - Foot protection. 1910.137 - Electrical Protective Equipment. 1910.138 - Hand Protection. 1910.139 - Reserved. 1910.140 - Personal fall protection systems.
1910 Subpart I App A - References for further information (Non-mandatory) 1910 Subpart I App B - Non-mandatory Compliance Guidelines for Hazard Assessment and
Personal Protective Equipment Selection. 1910 Subpart I App C - Personal Fall Protection Systems Non-Mandatory Guidelines. 1910 Subpart I App D - Test Methods and Procedures for Personal Fall Protection Systems
Non-Mandatory Guidelines
Standard.
1910.145 Specifications for accident prevention signs and tags
1926 Subpart L (Scaffolding) (direct reference is made to the construction standard for scaffolding)
1910.27(a) Scaffolds. Scaffolds used in General Industry must meet the requirements in 29CFR part 1926, Subpart L (Scaffolds).
1926 Subpart L, Scaffolds 1926.502 Fall Protection Systems
1926.450, Scope, application and definitions applicable to this subpart
1926.451, General requirements
1926.452, Additional requirements applicable to specific types of scaffolds
1926.453, Aerial lifts
1926.454, Training requirements. Supplements and clarifies the requirements of 29 CFR
1926.21(b)(2) as these relate to the hazards of work on scaffolds.
◦Appendix A, Scaffold specifications. Provides non-mandatory guidelines to assist employers in
complying with the requirements of subpart L of this part.
◦Appendix B, Criteria for determining the feasibility of providing safe access and fall protection for
erectors and dismantlers
◦Appendix C, List of national consensus standards
◦Appendix D, List of training topics for scaffold erectors and dismantlers
◦Appendix E, Drawings and illustrations. Provides drawings of particular types of scaffolds and
scaffold components, as well as graphic illustrations of bracing patterns and tie
spacing patterns
Criteria and Practices
(referenced in 1910.28(b)(1)(ii))
1926.503 Training Requirements (Fall Protection)
(referenced in 1910.28(b)(1)(ii))
Self-inspection 1910. 28 - Duty to have Fall Protection and Falling Object Protection
This section requires employers to provide protection for each employee exposed to fall and falling object hazards. Unless stated otherwise, the employer must ensure that all fall protection and falling object protection required by this section meet the criteria in §1910.29, except that personal fall protection systems required by this section meet the criteria of §1910.140.
This section does not apply: ► To portable ladders; ► When employers are inspecting, investigating, or assessing workplace conditions or work to be performed prior to the
start of work or after all work has been completed. This exemption does not apply when fall protection systems or equipment meeting the requirements of §1910.29 have been installed and are available for workers to use for prework and post-work inspections, investigations, or assessments; ►To fall hazards presented by the exposed perimeters of entertainment stages and the exposed perimeters of railstation platforms; ►To powered platforms covered by §1910.66(j); ►To aerial lifts covered by §1910.67(c)(2)(v); ►To telecommunications work covered by §1910.268(n)(7) and (8); and ►To electric power generation, transmission, and distribution work covered by §1910.269(g)(2)(i).
Condition / Topic Duty to have Fall Protection and Falling Object Protection Protection from fall hazards Unprotected sides and edges Except as provided elsewhere in this section, Each employee on a walking-working surface with an unprotected side or edge that is 4 feet (1.2 m) or more above a lower level is protected from falling by one or more of the following:
Standard 1910.28 1910.28(b) 1910.28(b)(1)(i-iii)
1910.28(b)(1)(i)
Yes No
►Guardrail systems; ►Safety net systems; or ►Personal fall protection systems, such as personal fall arrest, travel
restraint, or positioning systems.
***When the employer can demonstrate that it is not feasible or creates a greater hazard to use guardrail, safety net, or personal fall protection systems on residential roofs, the employer must develop and implement a fall protection plan that meets the requirements of 29 CFR 1926.502(k) and training that meets the requirements of 29 CFR 1926.503(a) and (c).
1910.28(b)(1)(i)(A) 1910.28(b)(1)(i)(B)
1910.28(b)(1)(i)(C) 1910.28(b)(1)(ii)
Note to paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of this section: There is a presumption that it is feasible and will not create a greater hazard to use at least one of the above-listed fall protection systems specified in paragraph (b)(1)(i) of this section. Accordingly, the employer has the burden of establishing that it is not feasible or creates a greater hazard to provide the fall protection systems specified in paragraph (b)(1)(i) and that it is necessary to implement a fall protection plan that complies with §1926.502(k) in the particular work operation, in lieu of implementing any of those systems. When the employer can demonstrate that the use of fall protection systems is not feasible on the working side of a platform used at a loading rack, loading dock, or teeming platform, the work may be done without a fall protection system, provided:
1910.28(b)(1)(iii)(A-C)
►The work operation for which fall protection is infeasible is in process;
►Access to the platform is limited to authorized employees; and, ►The authorized employees are trained in accordance with
§1910.30. Hoist areas Each employee in a hoist area is protected from falling 4 feet (1.2 m) or more to a lower level by:
1910.28(b)(1)(iii)(A)
1910.28(b)(1)(iii)(B)
1910.28(b)(1)(iii)(C) 1910.28(b)(2)(i-v) 1910.28(b)(2)(i)(A-C)
►A guardrail system; ►A personal fall arrest system; or ►A travel restraint system.
When any portion of a guardrail system, gate, or chains is removed, and an employee must lean through or over the edge of the access opening to facilitate hoisting, the employee is protected from falling by a personal fall arrest system
1910.28(b)(2)(i)(A) 1910.28(b)(2)(i)(B) 1910.28(b)(2)(i)(C) 1910.28(b)(2)(ii)
If grab handles are installed at hoist areas, they meet the requirements of §1910.29(l).
1910.28(b)(2)(iii)
Action Taken
Condition / Topic Holes Is each employee protected from falling through any hole (including skylights) that is 4 feet (1.2 m) or more above a lower level by one or more of the following:
Standard
Yes No
1910.28(b)(3)(i-v)
1910.28(b)(3)(i)(A-D)
►Covers; ►Guardrail systems; ►Travel restraint systems; or ►Personal fall arrest systems
1910.28(b)(3)(i)(A) 1910.28(b)(3)(i)(B) 1910.28(b)(3)(i)(C) 1910.28(b)(3)(i)(D)
Is each employee protected from tripping into or stepping into or through any hole that is less than 4 feet (1.2 m) above a lower level by covers or guardrail systems. Is each employee protected from falling into a stairway floor hole by a fixed guardrail system on all exposed sides, except at the stairway entrance. However, for any stairway used less than once per day where traffic across the stairway floor hole prevents the use of a fixed guardrail system (e.g., holes located in aisle spaces), the employer may protect employees from falling into the hole by using a hinged floor hole cover that meets the criteria in §1910.29 and a removable guardrail system on all exposed sides, except at the entrance to the stairway.
Is each employee protected from falling into a ladderway floor hole or ladderway platform hole by a guardrail system and toeboards erected on all exposed sides, except at the entrance to the hole, where a self-closing gate or an offset must be used. Is each employee is protected from falling through a hatchway and chute-floor hole by:
1910.28(b)(3)(ii) 1910.28(b)(3)(iii)
1910.28(b)(3)(iv) 1910.28(b)(3)(v)(A-C)
► A hinged floor-hole cover that meets the criteria in §1910.29 and a fixed guardrail system that leaves only one exposed side. When the hole is not in use, the employer must ensure the cover is closed or a removable guardrail system is provided on the exposed sides;
► A removable guardrail system and toeboards on not more than two sides of the hole and a fixed guardrail system on all other exposed sides. The employer must ensure the removable guardrail system is kept in place when the hole is not in use; or
► A guardrail system or a travel restraint system when a work operation necessitates passing material through a hatchway or chute floor hole.
1910.28(b)(3)(v)(A) 1910.28(b)(3)(v)(B) 1910.28(b)(3)(v)(C)
Dockboards. Is each employee on a dockboard is protected from falling 4 feet (1.2 m) or more to a lower level by a guardrail system or handrails. A guardrail system or handrails are not required when:
1910.28(b)(4)(i-ii) 1910.28(b)(4)(i)
►Dockboards are being used solely for materials-handling operations using motorized equipment;
►Employees engaged in these operations are not exposed to fall hazards greater than 10 feet (3 m); and
►Those employees have been trained in accordance with §1910.30.
Runways and Similar Walkways.
Is each employee on a runway or similar walkway is protected from falling 4 feet (1.2 m) or more to a lower level by a guardrail system. When the employer can demonstrate that it is not feasible to have guardrails on both sides of a runway used exclusively for a special purpose, the employer may omit the guardrail on one side of the runway, provided the employer ensures:
1910.28(b)(4)(ii)(A) 1910.28(b)(4)(ii)(B) 1910.28(b)(4)(ii)(C) 1910.28(b)(5)(i-ii) 1910.28(b)(5)(i) 1910.28(b)(5)(ii)(A-B)
► The runway is at least 18 inches (46 cm) wide; and ► Each employee is provided with and uses a personal fall arrest
system or travel restraint system.
1910.28(b)(5)(ii)(A) 1910.28(b)(5)(ii)(B)
Dangerous equipment Is employee less than 4 feet (1.2 m) above dangerous equipment is protected from falling into or onto the dangerous equipment by a guardrail system or a travel restraint system, unless the equipment is covered or guarded to eliminate the hazard. Is each employee 4 feet (1.2 m) or more above dangerous equipment must be protected from falling by:
1910.28(b)(6)(i-ii) 1910.28(b)(6)(i)
1910.28(b)(6)(ii)(A-D)
►Guardrail systems; ►Safety net systems; ►Travel restraint systems; or ►Personal fall arrest systems.
1910.28(b)(6)(ii)(A) 1910.28(b)(6)(ii)(B) 1910.28(b)(6)(ii)(C) 1910.28(b)(6)(ii)(D)
Action Taken
Condition / Topic Openings Is each employee on a walking-working surface near an opening, including one with a chute attached, where the inside bottom edge of the opening is less than 39 inches (99 cm) above that walkingworking surface and the outside bottom edge of the opening is 4 feet (1.2 m) or more above a lower level is protected from falling by the use of:
Standard 1910.28(b)(7)(i-iv) 1910.28(b)(7)(i-iv)
►Guardrail systems; ►Safety net systems; ►Travel restraint systems; or, ►Personal fall arrest systems.
1910.28(b)(7)(i) 1910.28(b)(7)(ii) 1910.28(b)(7)(iii) 1910.28(b)(7)(iv)
Repair pits, service pits, and assembly pits less than 10 feet in depth The use of a fall protection system is not required for a repair pit, service pit, or assembly pit that is less than 10 feet (3 m) deep, provided the employer:
►Limits access within 6 feet (1.8 m) of the edge of the pit to authorized employees trained in accordance with §1910.30;
►Applies floor markings at least 6 feet (1.8 m) from the edge of the pit in colors that contrast with the surrounding area; or places a warning line at least 6 feet (1.8 m) from the edge of the pit as well as stanchions that are capable of resisting, without tipping over, a force of at least 16 pounds (71 N) applied horizontally against the stanchion at a height of 30 inches (76 cm); or places a combination of floor markings and warning lines at least 6 feet (1.8 m) from the edge of the pit. When two or more pits in a common area are not more than 15 feet (4.5m) apart, the employer may comply by placing contrasting floor markings at least 6 feet (1.8 m) from the pit edge around the entire area of the pits; and
►Posts readily visible caution signs that meet the requirements of §1910.145 and state "Caution—Open Pit."
1910.28(b)(8)(i-iii) 1910.28(b)(8)(i) 1910.28(b)(8)(ii)
1910.28(b)(8)(iii)
Fixed ladders (that extend more than 24 feet (7.3 m) above a lower level) Existing fixed ladders. Each fixed ladder installed before November 19, 2018 is equipped with a personal fall arrest system, ladder safety system, cage, or well New fixed ladders. Each fixed ladder installed on and after November 19, 2018, is equipped with a personal fall arrest system or a ladder safety system; Replacement. When a fixed ladder, cage, or well, or any portion of a section thereof, is replaced, a personal fall arrest system or ladder safety system is installed in at least that section of the fixed ladder, cage, or well where the replacement is located; and Final deadline. On and after November 18, 2036, all fixed ladders are equipped with a personal fall arrest system or a ladder safety system. When a one-section fixed ladder is equipped with a personal fall protection or a ladder safety system or a fixed ladder is equipped with a personal fall arrest or ladder safety system on more than one section, the employer must ensure:
1910.28(b)(9)(i-iv) 1910.28(b)(9)(i) 1910.28(b)(9)(ii) 1910.28(b)(9)(iii)
1910.28(b)(9)(iv)
►The personal fall arrest system or ladder safety system provides protection throughout the entire vertical distance of the ladder, including all ladder sections; and
1910.28(b)(9)(ii)(A)
►The ladder has rest platforms provided at maximum intervals of 150 feet (45.7 m).
Ladder sections having a cage or well:
1910.28(b)(9)(ii)(B)
► Are offset from adjacent sections; and ►Have landing platforms provided at maximum intervals of 50 feet (15.2 m). The employer may use a cage or well in combination with a personal fall arrest system or ladder safety system provided that the cage or well does not interfere with the operation of the system. Outdoor advertising (billboards) The requirements in paragraph (b)(9) of this section (Fixed Ladders), and other requirements in subparts D-Walking Working Surfaces and I –Personal Protective Equipment of this part, apply to fixed ladders used in outdoor advertising activities.
1910.28(b)(9)(iii)(A) 1910.28(b)(9)(iii)(B)
1910.28(b)(9)(iv)
1910.28(b)(10)(i-ii) 1910.28(b)(10)(i)
Yes No Action Taken
Condition / Topic When an employee engaged in outdoor advertising climbs a fixed ladder before November 19, 2018 that is not equipped with a cage, well, personal fall arrest system, or a ladder safety system the employer must ensure the employee:
► Receives training and demonstrates the physical capability to perform the necessary climbs in accordance with §1910.29(h);
► Wears a body harness equipped with an 18-inch (46 cm) rest lanyard;
► Keeps both hands free of tools or material when climbing on the ladder; and
►Is protected by a fall protection system upon reaching the work position.
Stairways Is each employee exposed to an unprotected side or edge of a stairway landing that is 4 feet (1.2 m) or more above a lower level is protected by a guardrail or stair rail system Is each flight of stairs with a stair width less than 44 inches (1.1m) and having at least 3 treads and at least 4 risers is equipped with stair rail systems and handrails as follows: (See Table D-2 listed in 1910.28; The width of the stair must be clear of all obstructions except handrails).
►Enclosed Flight of Stairs provided with at least one handrail;
►Flight of Stairs having one open side provided with one stair rail system with handrail on the open side
►Flight of Stairs with two open sides provided with one stair rail system with handrail on each open side
Is each flight of stairs with a stair width 44 inches (1.1m) to 88 inches (2.2 m )and having at least 3 treads and at least 4 risers is equipped with stair rail systems and handrails as follows: (See Table D-2 listed in 1910.28; The width of the stair must be clear of all obstructions except handrails).
►Enclosed Flight of Stairs provided with one handrail on each enclosed side;
►Flight of Stairs having one open side provided with one stair rail system with handrail on the open side and one handrail on the enclosed side
►Flight of Stairs with two open sides provided with one stair rail system with handrail on each open side and one intermediate handrail located in the middle of the stair
Is each flight of stairs with a stair width greater than 88 inches (2.2m) and having at least 3 treads and at least 4 risers is equipped with stair rail systems and handrails as follows: (See Table D-2; The width of the stair must be clear of all obstructions except handrails).
►Enclosed Flight of Stairs provided with one handrail on each enclosed side and one intermediate handrail located in the middle of the stair
►Flight of Stairs having one open side provided with one stair rail system with handrail on the open side and one handrail on the enclosed side, and one intermediate handrail located in the middle of the stair.
►Flight of Stairs with two open sides provided with one stair rail system with handrail on each open side and one intermediate handrail located in the middle of the stair
Is each exterior flight of stairs with a stair width less than 44 inches (1.1 m) and having at least 3 treads and at least 4 risers is equipped with stair rail systems and handrails as follows: (See Table D-2 listed in 1910.28; The width of the stair must be clear of all obstructions except handrails).
► With earth built up on both sides provided with one handrail on at least one side
Each ship stairs and alternating tread type stairs is equipped with handrails on both sides.
Standard 1910.28(b)(10)(ii)(A) 1910.28(b)(10)(ii)(B) 1910.28(b)(10)(ii)(C) 1910.28(b)(10)(ii)(D) 1910.28(b)(11)(i-iii) 1910.28(b)(11)(i) 1910.28(b)(11)(ii)
1910.28(b)(11)(ii)
1910.28(b)(11)(ii)
1910.28(b)(11)(ii) 1910.28(b)(11)(iii)
Yes No
Action Taken
Condition / Topic Scaffolds and rope descent systems Is each employee on a scaffold is protected from falling in accordance 29 CFR part 1926, Subpart L Is each employee using a rope descent system 4 feet (1.2 m) or more above a lower level is protected from falling by a personal fall arrest system. Work on low-slope roofs When work is performed less than 6 feet (1.6 m) from the roof edge, the employer must ensure each employee is protected from falling by a guardrail system, safety net system, travel restraint system, or personal fall arrest system. When work is performed at least 6 feet (1.6 m) but less than 15 feet (4.6 m) from the roof edge, the employer must ensure each employee is protected from falling by using a guardrail system, safety net system, travel restraint system, or personal fall arrest system. The employer may use a designated area when performing work that is both infrequent and temporary. When work is performed 15 feet (4.6 m) or more from the roof edge, the employer must:
Standard 1910.28(b)(12)(i-ii) 1910.28(b)(12)(i) 1910.28(b)(12)(ii)
1910.28(b)(13)(i-iii) 1910.28(b)(13)(i)
1910.28(b)(13)(ii)
Yes No Action Taken
►Protect each employee from falling by a guardrail system, safety net system, travel restraint system, or personal fall arrest system or a designated area. The employer is not required to provide any fall protection, provided the work is both infrequent and temporary; and
1910.28(b)(13)(iii)(A)
► Implement and enforce a work rule prohibiting employees from going within 15 feet (4.6 m) of the roof edge without using fall protection in accordance with paragraphs (b)(13)(i) and (ii) of this section.
Slaughtering facility platforms The employer must protect each employee on the unprotected working side of a slaughtering facility platform that is 4 feet (1.2 m) or more above a lower level from falling by using:
1910.28(b)(13)(iii)(B) 1910.28(b)(14)(i-ii)
► Guardrail systems; or ► Travel restraint systems. When the employer can demonstrate the use of a guardrail or travel restraint system is not feasible, the work may be done without those systems provided:
1910.28(b)(14)(i)(A) 1910.28(b)(14)(i)(B)
► The work operation for which fall protection is infeasible is in process;
► Access to the platform is limited to authorized employees; and ► The authorized employees are trained in accordance with
§1910.30. Walking-working surfaces not otherwise addressed
Except as provided elsewhere in this section or by other subparts of this part, the employer must ensure each employee on a walkingworking surface 4 feet (1.2 m) or more above a lower level is protected from falling by: ► Guardrail systems; ► Safety net systems; or ► Personal fall protection systems, such as personal fall arrest,
travel restraint, or positioning systems. Protection from falling objects
When an employee is exposed to falling objects, the employer must ensure that each employee wears head protection that meets the requirements of subpart I of this part. In addition, the employer must protect employees from falling objects by implementing one or more of the following:
1910.28(b)(14)(ii)(A) 1910.28(b)(14)(ii)(B) 1910.28(b)(14)(ii)(C) 1910.28(b)(15)(i-iii)
1910.28(b)(15)(i) 1910.28(b)(15)(ii) 1910.28(b)(15)(iii) 1910.28(c)(1-3)
► Erecting toeboards, screens, or guardrail systems to prevent objects from falling to a lower level;
1910.28(c)(1)
► Erecting canopy structures and keeping potential falling objects far enough from an edge, hole, or opening to prevent them from falling to a lower level; or
1910.28(c)(2)
► Barricading the area into which objects could fall, prohibiting
1910.28(c)(3)
employees from entering the barricaded area, and keeping
objects far enough from an edge or opening to prevent them from
falling to a lower level.
*Information contained within this document is not intended to be all-inclusive nor reflect OSHA guidance, but more so
as a guide relating to the information referenced. Refer to the OSHA webpage, www.osha.gov frequently for up to
date information as well as letters of interpretation which may be applicable.