A Study of E-Service Technology in Public Library Based on
Transcript Of A Study of E-Service Technology in Public Library Based on
A Study of E-Service Technology in Public Library Based on Technology Readiness and Technology Acceptance Model
A Study of E-Service Technology in Public Library Based on Technology Readiness and Technology Acceptance Model
Ching-Wen Lin
Graduate Student Department of Library and Information Science
National Taiwan University
Pao-Nuan Hsieh
Associate Professor Department of Library and Information Science
National Taiwan University
Fu-Hsuan Chuang
Doctoral Candidate Department of Library and Information Science
National Taiwan University
Libraries are increasingly diversifying their technology services, whether in terms of the library’s websites, or physical facilities of digital technology equipment. These efforts aim at deploying a variety of digital experiences to extend the reach of the library’s collections and resources. However, if the users of digital service technology face obstacles or reject high-tech, or have no willingness to use them, the ideal digital library cannot be achieved. If we are to enhance efficiency and performance in the use of technology of digital library services, we must first improve users’ willingness. But to enhance users’ willingness, we must first understand the users’ tendencies to adopt digital service technologies and factors affecting use.
Technology readiness and the technology acceptance model are two key theoretical approaches to explore users’ adoption and acceptance of technology. Technology readiness refers to identifying the individual predisposition to use new technology, including optimism, innovativeness,
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Journal of Libray and Information Science Research 7:2 (June 2013)
discomfort and insecurity. Technology acceptance model is an important theoretical framework for predicting and explaining users’ adoption of information technology, including the five dimensions of perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, attitudes, behavioral intention and actual use. The model is one of the most influential and effective predictive models which intends to explicate the key factors behind people using technology products, and elucidating appropriate measures to deploy to enhance the acceptance of technology products.
Scholars previously only determined acceptance through assessment of digital library services and individual services. This study focuses on an actual field study of the National Taichung Library’s digital service technologies. We integrated technology readiness and the technology acceptance model as a theoretical framework. This will be the first attempt at a case study in the field applying technology readiness and the technology acceptance model into a physical library and trying to explore the users’ predispositions and factors of users’ adoption of library digital service technologies. Using structural equation analysis, we elucidate the perspective of diverse users of digital library services in their attitudes and willingness to use. This reflects a more complete technology acceptance for the behaviors of library users. Then we identify the factors affecting digital library service users’ willingness for the use of technology. Thus we have robust field data with which to refer for planning future introduction of library digital services or the introduction of digital technology.
This study used questionnaires at the digital experience area of the National Taichung Library during December 25, 2010 through January 23, 2011. A total of 461 questionnaires were distributed and 438 returned, with a total of 402 valid questionnaires, for an effective recovery rate of 92%. In LISREL 8.5.2 measurement mode, we conducted confirmatory factor analysis for the research hypothesis, measuring the extent of model consistency with the theory, and the overall goodness of fit of the structural equation model in this study, all of which achieved the desired standard. The results showed that the technology acceptance model was able to effectively predict the public library users’ adoption of digital service technology, that the more comfortable patrons felt about digital technology, the more they were able to appreciate the benefits of the technological
116
A Study of E-Service Technology in Public Library Based on Technology Readiness and Technology Acceptance Model
equipment. Furthermore, they would had more positive attitudes towards the digital service technology, and thus enhanced their willingness to use the technology products; similarly, users of digital services felt that the greater help the digital technology devices provided, the more positive attitude they felt about the technological equipment, thereby indirectly enhancing their willingness to use the technology. Thus, the findings accord with technology acceptance model. Through technology readiness as a measure of personal characteristic variables, we explored whether differences in personal characteristics would cause moderating effects in factors affecting attitudes and the use of digital service technology. The results indicated that as for the positive dimensions of technological readiness such as optimism and innovativeness, there were significant moderating effects from perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and attitudes. As for the negative dimensions of technology readiness such as discomfort and insecurity, there were no significant moderating effects for perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and attitude toward using.
From the perspective of the technology acceptance model, if we want to enhance users’ positive attitude and willingness to facilitate use of digital service technology, then we need to strengthen the underlying simplicity and ease of use of digital service technology, thereby allowing users to feel the systems are both easy to use and useful. Therefore, when implementing digital library service technology, we must remember the need to reduce the ease of use thresholds for users of digital service technology to reduce the possibility of negative perceptions, helping patrons with guidance and assistance in use, eliminating frustration, creating a warm and friendly environment and facilitating atmosphere. In respect of library users’ characteristic qualities for technology readiness, the positive image of the library helps reduce the negative effects of discomfort and insecurity from occurring in the library, but if we are to be able to continue to maintain satisfaction with the use of digital service technology, and enhance information literacy, libraries will need to help users develop a positive attitude of optimism and innovativeness. In this way, library users will maintain their belief in the flexibility, convenience and efficiency which digital service technology can bring to help meet their individual requirements.
117
Journal of Libray and Information Science Research 7:2 (June 2013)
Reference
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
American Library Association. (1995). 12 ways libraries are good for the country. Retrieved June 8, 2011, from http://0-www.ala.org.wam.seals. ac.za/ala/alonline/resources/slctdarticles/12wayslibraries.cfm
Bewley, W. L., Roberts, T. L., Schoit, D., & Verplank, W. L. (1983). Human Factors Testing in the Design of Xerox’s 8010 “Star” Office Workstation. In R. N. Smith, R. W. Pew, and A. Janda. (Eds.), Proceedings of the ACM CHI 83 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference (pp. 72-77). Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Caison, A.L., Bulman, D., Pai, S., & Neville, D.(2008). Exploring the technology readiness of nursing and medical students at a Canadian University. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 22(3), 283-294.
Choi, G., & Chung, H. (2012). Elaborating the technology acceptance model with social pressure and social benefits for social networking sites (SNSs). Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 49(1), 1-3.
Chuanlei, W., & Chen, C. (2010). The bibliometrics-based analysis on TAM with English literature. In Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (Eds.), 2010 International Conference on Management and Service Science (pp. 1-5), Wuhan, China.
Dabholkar, P. A., & Bagozzi, R.P. (2002). An attitudinal model of technology-based self-service: Moderating effects of consumer traits and situational factors. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 30(3), 184-201.
Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, R. P., & Warshaw, P. R. (1989). User Acceptance of Computer Technology: A Comparison of Two Theoretical Models. Management Science, 35(8), 982-1003.
Davis, F.D. (1986). A technology acceptance model for empirically testing new end-user information system: theory and results. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge.
Davis, F.D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user
118
A Study of E-Service Technology in Public Library Based on Technology Readiness and Technology Acceptance Model
information technology. MIS Quarterly, September, 319-340. Erdoğmuş, N., & Esen, M. (2011). An Investigation of the Effects of
Technology Readiness on Technology Acceptance in e-HRM. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 24, 487-495. Godoe, P., & Johansen, T. S. (2012). Understanding adoption of new technologies: Technology readiness and technology acceptance as an integrated concept Journal of European Psychology Students, 3. Retrieved Feb 16, 2013, from :http://jeps.efpsa.org/index.php/jeps/ article/viewArticle/59/61 Ho, S-H., & Ko, Y-Y. (2008). Effects of self-service technology on customer value and customer readiness : The case of internet banking. Internet Research, 18(4), 427-446. Hong, W., Thong, James Y.L., Wong, W.-M., & Tam, K.-Y. (2002). Determinants of User Acceptance of Digital Libraries: An Empirical Examination of Individual Differences and System Characteristics. Journal of Management Information Systems 18(3), 97-124. Hsiao, C. H., & Yang, C. (2011). The intellectual development of the technology acceptance model: A co-citation analysis. International Journal of Information Management, 31(2), 128-136. Jeong, H. (2011). An investigation of user perceptions and behavioral intentions towards the e-library. Library Collections, Acquisitions, and Technical Services, 35(2–3), 45-60. Kim, Y. M. (2011a). Users' perceptions of university library websites: A unifying view. Library & Information Science Research, 33(1), 63-72. Kim, Y. M. (2011b). Why Should I Use University Library Website Resources? Discipline Differences. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 37(1), 9-18. King, W. R., & He, J. (2006). A meta-analysis of the technology acceptance model. Information & Management, 43(6), 740-755. Kleijnen, M., Wetzels, M., & Ruyter, K.D. (2004). Consumer acceptance of wireless finance. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 8(3), 206217. Lai, S. P. (2007). An Empirical Study of Technology Acceptance of Selfservice check-in Kiosk. (Unpublished master’s thesis). University of
119
Journal of Libray and Information Science Research 7:2 (June 2013)
Science and Technology, Taiwan. [Text in Chinese]. Liljander, V., Gillberg, F., Gummerus, J., & Riel, A.V. (2006). Technology
readiness and the evaluation and adoption of self-service technologies. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 13(3), 177-191. Lin, C. H., Shih, H. Y., & Sher, P. J. (2007). Integrating Technology Readiness into Technology Acceptance: The TRAM Model. Psychology & Marketing, 24(7), 641-657. Lin, J.C., & Hsieh, P.L. (2006). The role of technology readiness in customers’ perception and adoption of self-service technologies. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 17(5), 497-517. Lin, J.C., & Hsieh, P.L. (2007). The influence of technology readiness on satisfaction and behavioral intentions toward self-service technologies. Computers in Human Behavior, 23, 1597–1615. Massey, A., Khatri, V., & Montoya-Weiss, M. (2007). Usability of online services: The role of technology readiness and context. Decision Sciences, 38(2), 277-308. Miller, J., & Khera, O. (2010). Digital Library Adoption and the Technology Acceptance Model: A cross-country analysis. Electronic Journal on Information Systems in developing countries, 40(6), 1-19. National Library of Public Information (2013). Jian jie yu li shi yan ge. Retrieved May 4, 2012, from http://www.nlpi.edu.tw/About/ introduction/library02.htm. [Text in Chinese]. National Taichung Library (2009). Guo zhong tu shu wei ti yan gu zhu ti wang. Retrieved December 9, 2010, from http://expzone.ntl.gov.tw/ about.html. [Text in Chinese]. National Taichung Library (2011). Guo zhong tu 100 nian du shi zheng ji hua. Retrieved April 2, 2011, from http://www.nlpi.edu.tw/ FileDownLoadShowDetailC613.aspx?KeyID=5fff080c-7543-4d048858-b2db63671cfe. [Text in Chinese]. Parasuraman, A. (2000). Technology Readiness Index (Tri): A Multiple-Item Scale to Measure Readiness to Embrace New Technologies. Journal of Service Research, 2(4), 307-320. Parasuraman, A., & Colby, C.L. (2001). Techno-ready marketing: How and why your customers adopt technology. New York: The Free Press.
120
A Study of E-Service Technology in Public Library Based on Technology Readiness and Technology Acceptance Model
Park, N., Roman, R., Lee, S., & Chung, J. E. (2009). User acceptance of a digital library system in developing countries: An application of the Technology Acceptance Model. International Journal of Information Management, 29(3), 196-209.
Porter, C. E., & Donthu, N. (2006). Using the technology acceptance model to explain how attitudes determine Internet usage: The role of perceived access barriers and demographics. Journal of Business Research, 59, 999-1007.
Schepers, J., & Wetzels, M. (2007). A meta-analysis of the technology acceptance model: Investigating subjective norm and moderation effects. Information & Management, 44(1), 90-103.
Sophonthummapharn, K., & Tesar, G. (2007). Technology readiness and propensity of cell phone users to subscribe to commercial messaging services. Marketing Management Journal, 17(2), 81-95. Retrieved April 2, 2011, from Business Source Premier database.
Tibenderana, P. K. G., & Ogao, P. J. (2008). Information communication technologies acceptance and use among university communities in uganda: A model for hybrid library services end-users. International Journal of Computing and ICT Research, 1(1), 60-75.
Tsakonas, G., & Papatheodorou, C. (2008). Exploring usefulness and usability in the evaluation of open access digital libraries. Information Processing & Management, 44(3), 1234-1250.
Tsikriktsis, N. (2004). A technology readiness-based taxonomy of customers: A replication and extension. Journal of Service Research, 7, 42-52.
Venkatesh, V., & Davis, F.D. (2000). A Theoretical Extension of the Technology Acceptance Model: Four Longitudinal Field Studies. Management Science, 46(2), 186-204.
Victorino, L., Karniouchina, E., & Verma, R. (2009). Exploring the use of the abbreviated technology readiness index for hotel customer segmentation. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 50(3), 342-359.
Walczuch, R., Lemmink, J., & Streukens, S. (2007). The effect of service employees' technology readiness on technology acceptance. Information & Management, 44(2), 206-215.
121
Journal of Libray and Information Science Research 7:2 (June 2013)
Yusoff, Y. M., Muhammad, Z., Zahari, M. S. M., Pasah, E. S., & Robert, E. (2009). Individual Differences, Perceived Ease of Use, and Perceived Usefulness in the E-Library Usage. Computer and Information Science, 2(1), 76-83.
Zeng, S. X. (2003). Gong gong tu shu guan zai zhong shen xue xi she hui zhong de jing ying ce lue yu fu wu xiao neng. Taipei: Cai tuan fa ren Sun Yun Xuan xue shu ji jin hui. [Text in Chinese].
122
A Study of E-Service Technology in Public Library Based on Technology Readiness and Technology Acceptance Model
Ching-Wen Lin
Graduate Student Department of Library and Information Science
National Taiwan University
Pao-Nuan Hsieh
Associate Professor Department of Library and Information Science
National Taiwan University
Fu-Hsuan Chuang
Doctoral Candidate Department of Library and Information Science
National Taiwan University
Libraries are increasingly diversifying their technology services, whether in terms of the library’s websites, or physical facilities of digital technology equipment. These efforts aim at deploying a variety of digital experiences to extend the reach of the library’s collections and resources. However, if the users of digital service technology face obstacles or reject high-tech, or have no willingness to use them, the ideal digital library cannot be achieved. If we are to enhance efficiency and performance in the use of technology of digital library services, we must first improve users’ willingness. But to enhance users’ willingness, we must first understand the users’ tendencies to adopt digital service technologies and factors affecting use.
Technology readiness and the technology acceptance model are two key theoretical approaches to explore users’ adoption and acceptance of technology. Technology readiness refers to identifying the individual predisposition to use new technology, including optimism, innovativeness,
115
Journal of Libray and Information Science Research 7:2 (June 2013)
discomfort and insecurity. Technology acceptance model is an important theoretical framework for predicting and explaining users’ adoption of information technology, including the five dimensions of perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, attitudes, behavioral intention and actual use. The model is one of the most influential and effective predictive models which intends to explicate the key factors behind people using technology products, and elucidating appropriate measures to deploy to enhance the acceptance of technology products.
Scholars previously only determined acceptance through assessment of digital library services and individual services. This study focuses on an actual field study of the National Taichung Library’s digital service technologies. We integrated technology readiness and the technology acceptance model as a theoretical framework. This will be the first attempt at a case study in the field applying technology readiness and the technology acceptance model into a physical library and trying to explore the users’ predispositions and factors of users’ adoption of library digital service technologies. Using structural equation analysis, we elucidate the perspective of diverse users of digital library services in their attitudes and willingness to use. This reflects a more complete technology acceptance for the behaviors of library users. Then we identify the factors affecting digital library service users’ willingness for the use of technology. Thus we have robust field data with which to refer for planning future introduction of library digital services or the introduction of digital technology.
This study used questionnaires at the digital experience area of the National Taichung Library during December 25, 2010 through January 23, 2011. A total of 461 questionnaires were distributed and 438 returned, with a total of 402 valid questionnaires, for an effective recovery rate of 92%. In LISREL 8.5.2 measurement mode, we conducted confirmatory factor analysis for the research hypothesis, measuring the extent of model consistency with the theory, and the overall goodness of fit of the structural equation model in this study, all of which achieved the desired standard. The results showed that the technology acceptance model was able to effectively predict the public library users’ adoption of digital service technology, that the more comfortable patrons felt about digital technology, the more they were able to appreciate the benefits of the technological
116
A Study of E-Service Technology in Public Library Based on Technology Readiness and Technology Acceptance Model
equipment. Furthermore, they would had more positive attitudes towards the digital service technology, and thus enhanced their willingness to use the technology products; similarly, users of digital services felt that the greater help the digital technology devices provided, the more positive attitude they felt about the technological equipment, thereby indirectly enhancing their willingness to use the technology. Thus, the findings accord with technology acceptance model. Through technology readiness as a measure of personal characteristic variables, we explored whether differences in personal characteristics would cause moderating effects in factors affecting attitudes and the use of digital service technology. The results indicated that as for the positive dimensions of technological readiness such as optimism and innovativeness, there were significant moderating effects from perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and attitudes. As for the negative dimensions of technology readiness such as discomfort and insecurity, there were no significant moderating effects for perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and attitude toward using.
From the perspective of the technology acceptance model, if we want to enhance users’ positive attitude and willingness to facilitate use of digital service technology, then we need to strengthen the underlying simplicity and ease of use of digital service technology, thereby allowing users to feel the systems are both easy to use and useful. Therefore, when implementing digital library service technology, we must remember the need to reduce the ease of use thresholds for users of digital service technology to reduce the possibility of negative perceptions, helping patrons with guidance and assistance in use, eliminating frustration, creating a warm and friendly environment and facilitating atmosphere. In respect of library users’ characteristic qualities for technology readiness, the positive image of the library helps reduce the negative effects of discomfort and insecurity from occurring in the library, but if we are to be able to continue to maintain satisfaction with the use of digital service technology, and enhance information literacy, libraries will need to help users develop a positive attitude of optimism and innovativeness. In this way, library users will maintain their belief in the flexibility, convenience and efficiency which digital service technology can bring to help meet their individual requirements.
117
Journal of Libray and Information Science Research 7:2 (June 2013)
Reference
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
American Library Association. (1995). 12 ways libraries are good for the country. Retrieved June 8, 2011, from http://0-www.ala.org.wam.seals. ac.za/ala/alonline/resources/slctdarticles/12wayslibraries.cfm
Bewley, W. L., Roberts, T. L., Schoit, D., & Verplank, W. L. (1983). Human Factors Testing in the Design of Xerox’s 8010 “Star” Office Workstation. In R. N. Smith, R. W. Pew, and A. Janda. (Eds.), Proceedings of the ACM CHI 83 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference (pp. 72-77). Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Caison, A.L., Bulman, D., Pai, S., & Neville, D.(2008). Exploring the technology readiness of nursing and medical students at a Canadian University. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 22(3), 283-294.
Choi, G., & Chung, H. (2012). Elaborating the technology acceptance model with social pressure and social benefits for social networking sites (SNSs). Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 49(1), 1-3.
Chuanlei, W., & Chen, C. (2010). The bibliometrics-based analysis on TAM with English literature. In Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (Eds.), 2010 International Conference on Management and Service Science (pp. 1-5), Wuhan, China.
Dabholkar, P. A., & Bagozzi, R.P. (2002). An attitudinal model of technology-based self-service: Moderating effects of consumer traits and situational factors. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 30(3), 184-201.
Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, R. P., & Warshaw, P. R. (1989). User Acceptance of Computer Technology: A Comparison of Two Theoretical Models. Management Science, 35(8), 982-1003.
Davis, F.D. (1986). A technology acceptance model for empirically testing new end-user information system: theory and results. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge.
Davis, F.D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user
118
A Study of E-Service Technology in Public Library Based on Technology Readiness and Technology Acceptance Model
information technology. MIS Quarterly, September, 319-340. Erdoğmuş, N., & Esen, M. (2011). An Investigation of the Effects of
Technology Readiness on Technology Acceptance in e-HRM. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 24, 487-495. Godoe, P., & Johansen, T. S. (2012). Understanding adoption of new technologies: Technology readiness and technology acceptance as an integrated concept Journal of European Psychology Students, 3. Retrieved Feb 16, 2013, from :http://jeps.efpsa.org/index.php/jeps/ article/viewArticle/59/61 Ho, S-H., & Ko, Y-Y. (2008). Effects of self-service technology on customer value and customer readiness : The case of internet banking. Internet Research, 18(4), 427-446. Hong, W., Thong, James Y.L., Wong, W.-M., & Tam, K.-Y. (2002). Determinants of User Acceptance of Digital Libraries: An Empirical Examination of Individual Differences and System Characteristics. Journal of Management Information Systems 18(3), 97-124. Hsiao, C. H., & Yang, C. (2011). The intellectual development of the technology acceptance model: A co-citation analysis. International Journal of Information Management, 31(2), 128-136. Jeong, H. (2011). An investigation of user perceptions and behavioral intentions towards the e-library. Library Collections, Acquisitions, and Technical Services, 35(2–3), 45-60. Kim, Y. M. (2011a). Users' perceptions of university library websites: A unifying view. Library & Information Science Research, 33(1), 63-72. Kim, Y. M. (2011b). Why Should I Use University Library Website Resources? Discipline Differences. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 37(1), 9-18. King, W. R., & He, J. (2006). A meta-analysis of the technology acceptance model. Information & Management, 43(6), 740-755. Kleijnen, M., Wetzels, M., & Ruyter, K.D. (2004). Consumer acceptance of wireless finance. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 8(3), 206217. Lai, S. P. (2007). An Empirical Study of Technology Acceptance of Selfservice check-in Kiosk. (Unpublished master’s thesis). University of
119
Journal of Libray and Information Science Research 7:2 (June 2013)
Science and Technology, Taiwan. [Text in Chinese]. Liljander, V., Gillberg, F., Gummerus, J., & Riel, A.V. (2006). Technology
readiness and the evaluation and adoption of self-service technologies. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 13(3), 177-191. Lin, C. H., Shih, H. Y., & Sher, P. J. (2007). Integrating Technology Readiness into Technology Acceptance: The TRAM Model. Psychology & Marketing, 24(7), 641-657. Lin, J.C., & Hsieh, P.L. (2006). The role of technology readiness in customers’ perception and adoption of self-service technologies. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 17(5), 497-517. Lin, J.C., & Hsieh, P.L. (2007). The influence of technology readiness on satisfaction and behavioral intentions toward self-service technologies. Computers in Human Behavior, 23, 1597–1615. Massey, A., Khatri, V., & Montoya-Weiss, M. (2007). Usability of online services: The role of technology readiness and context. Decision Sciences, 38(2), 277-308. Miller, J., & Khera, O. (2010). Digital Library Adoption and the Technology Acceptance Model: A cross-country analysis. Electronic Journal on Information Systems in developing countries, 40(6), 1-19. National Library of Public Information (2013). Jian jie yu li shi yan ge. Retrieved May 4, 2012, from http://www.nlpi.edu.tw/About/ introduction/library02.htm. [Text in Chinese]. National Taichung Library (2009). Guo zhong tu shu wei ti yan gu zhu ti wang. Retrieved December 9, 2010, from http://expzone.ntl.gov.tw/ about.html. [Text in Chinese]. National Taichung Library (2011). Guo zhong tu 100 nian du shi zheng ji hua. Retrieved April 2, 2011, from http://www.nlpi.edu.tw/ FileDownLoadShowDetailC613.aspx?KeyID=5fff080c-7543-4d048858-b2db63671cfe. [Text in Chinese]. Parasuraman, A. (2000). Technology Readiness Index (Tri): A Multiple-Item Scale to Measure Readiness to Embrace New Technologies. Journal of Service Research, 2(4), 307-320. Parasuraman, A., & Colby, C.L. (2001). Techno-ready marketing: How and why your customers adopt technology. New York: The Free Press.
120
A Study of E-Service Technology in Public Library Based on Technology Readiness and Technology Acceptance Model
Park, N., Roman, R., Lee, S., & Chung, J. E. (2009). User acceptance of a digital library system in developing countries: An application of the Technology Acceptance Model. International Journal of Information Management, 29(3), 196-209.
Porter, C. E., & Donthu, N. (2006). Using the technology acceptance model to explain how attitudes determine Internet usage: The role of perceived access barriers and demographics. Journal of Business Research, 59, 999-1007.
Schepers, J., & Wetzels, M. (2007). A meta-analysis of the technology acceptance model: Investigating subjective norm and moderation effects. Information & Management, 44(1), 90-103.
Sophonthummapharn, K., & Tesar, G. (2007). Technology readiness and propensity of cell phone users to subscribe to commercial messaging services. Marketing Management Journal, 17(2), 81-95. Retrieved April 2, 2011, from Business Source Premier database.
Tibenderana, P. K. G., & Ogao, P. J. (2008). Information communication technologies acceptance and use among university communities in uganda: A model for hybrid library services end-users. International Journal of Computing and ICT Research, 1(1), 60-75.
Tsakonas, G., & Papatheodorou, C. (2008). Exploring usefulness and usability in the evaluation of open access digital libraries. Information Processing & Management, 44(3), 1234-1250.
Tsikriktsis, N. (2004). A technology readiness-based taxonomy of customers: A replication and extension. Journal of Service Research, 7, 42-52.
Venkatesh, V., & Davis, F.D. (2000). A Theoretical Extension of the Technology Acceptance Model: Four Longitudinal Field Studies. Management Science, 46(2), 186-204.
Victorino, L., Karniouchina, E., & Verma, R. (2009). Exploring the use of the abbreviated technology readiness index for hotel customer segmentation. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 50(3), 342-359.
Walczuch, R., Lemmink, J., & Streukens, S. (2007). The effect of service employees' technology readiness on technology acceptance. Information & Management, 44(2), 206-215.
121
Journal of Libray and Information Science Research 7:2 (June 2013)
Yusoff, Y. M., Muhammad, Z., Zahari, M. S. M., Pasah, E. S., & Robert, E. (2009). Individual Differences, Perceived Ease of Use, and Perceived Usefulness in the E-Library Usage. Computer and Information Science, 2(1), 76-83.
Zeng, S. X. (2003). Gong gong tu shu guan zai zhong shen xue xi she hui zhong de jing ying ce lue yu fu wu xiao neng. Taipei: Cai tuan fa ren Sun Yun Xuan xue shu ji jin hui. [Text in Chinese].
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