Assessment of giraffe populations and conservation status in
Transcript Of Assessment of giraffe populations and conservation status in
Assessment of giraffe populations and conservation status in East Africa
People’s Trust for Endangered Species Final Report: May 2016
Focal species: Subspecies:
Project location:
Giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis Masaai giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi Reticulated giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata Rothschild’s giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi Kenya
OVERVIEW
Populations of giraffes Giraffa camelopardalis are declining in the wild, with some populations having suffered an 80% decline in the past ten years. In comparison to other large African mammals, giraffes have been largely overlooked in terms of research attention and conservation action. In recent years, the extent to which giraffe populations have declined across Africa has only just started to become apparent.
Currently (as of May 2016), giraffes are listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. However, this listing does not reflect the true conservation status of giraffes in the wild, and is more a reflection of limited conservation focus on giraffes, and a lack of comprehensive status reviews. Of the nine currently recognised subspecies, two have been assessed at the subspecies level, and seven are currently unassessed. The two which have been assessed - G. c. Rothschildi and G. c. peralta – are both listed as Endangered. When the remaining seven subspecies are reviewed, it is likely that their conservation classification will change to better reflect current population status.
Kenya is the only country in Africa with three giraffe subspecies; G. c. Rothschildi, G. c. tippelskirchi and G. c. reticulata, and as such, holds the highest level of giraffe biodiversity in Africa. Of these, G. c. Rothschildi is classified as Endangered with fewer than an estimated 1,100 individuals remaining in the wild. G. c reticulata is thought to number fewer than 5,000 individuals, and has suffered a 40% decline in the past ten years. G. c. tippelskirchi has suffered an 80% decline in the past ten years.
Despite such alarming figures, there is little research or conservation work focused on giraffes in comparison to other large mammals, and the species has traditionally been overlooked. This project sought to address this lack of knowledge by conducting a general review and overall assessment of giraffe populations in Kenya. A country-wide assessment of giraffe populations is critical to Kenya’s conservation plans for giraffes.
Table 1 lists the three subspecies found in Kenya.
Table 1 Overview of the three giraffe subspecies found in Kenya.
Subspecies Masaai giraffe
Scientific name
Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi
IUCN Red List classification Not yet assessed at the subspecies level
Reticulated giraffe
Giraffa camelopardalis Not yet assessed at
reticulata
the subspecies level
Rothschild’s giraffe
Giraffa camelopardalis Endangered (2010) rothschildi
Distribution
Main threats facing this subspecies
Southern Kenya and throughout Tanzania
North-eastern Kenya, southern Ethiopia, Somalia
Rift valley region of Kenya, and Uganda
Livestock farming & ranching Livestock farming & ranching -
Nomadic grazing Livestock farming & ranching - Small-
holder grazing, ranching or farming Roads & railroads Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals -
Intentional mortality (human use) War, civil unrest & military exercises Livestock farming & ranching Livestock farming & ranching -
Nomadic grazing Livestock farming & ranching - Small-
holder grazing, ranching or farming Roads & railroads Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals -
Intentional mortality (human use) War, civil unrest & military exercises Livestock farming & ranching Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals -
Intentional mortality (human use) Logging & wood harvesting -
Intentional mortality (human use subsistence/small scale)
PROJECT OBJECTIVES:
To complement and expand current knowledge of giraffe populations in Kenya To provide a generalised overview of giraffe populations in Kenya To identify the distribution of giraffes in Kenya To identify and list the threats facing giraffe populations in Kenya
RESULTS
Data were gathered on the population size and distribution for each of the three giraffe subspecies found in Kenya. Data were gathered and collated from a variety of sources, including direct counts, published population estimates, wildlife surveys, unpublished technical reports and KWS census reports.
The total number of giraffes in Kenya is estimated at 19,221 individuals. Of this figure, Masaai giraffes account for the highest proportion of all giraffes in Kenya (54%), reticulated giraffes represent the second highest proportion (44%) and Rothschild’s giraffes are the fewest at 2%.
ROTHSCHILD’S GIRAFFE POPULATION SIZE
The estimated population size of Rothschild’s giraffes in Kenya is 410 individuals (see table 2). Threats are mainly related to habitat loss and inbreeding, since they are largely constricted to confined populations in the Rift Valley region of Kenya.
Table 2 Estimated population size for the Rothschild's giraffe in Kenya
ACTUAL COUNT DATA 2014/15 Ruma National Park Lake Nakuru National Park Soysambu Conservancy Kigio Conservancy Ruko Conservancy Giraffe Centre, Nairobi Mwea National Reserve
TOTAL ESTIMATE DATA 2010 – UNVERIFIED 2014/15 Mt. Elgon NP Murgor Farm, Iten Sergoit -Kruger Farm, Iten Kitale area farm Nasalot National Reserve
TOTAL
Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi IUCN status: Endangered
Population size
Status
Threats
68
Stable
Poaching, habitat loss
89
Stable / declining Predation
78
Increasing
Inbreeding, disease
32
Increasing
Inbreeding, disease
9
Increasing
None
10
Stable
Inbreeding, predation
34
Stable / increasing Poaching, habitat loss
320
<20
Unknown
Habitat loss, poaching
<20
Unknown
Habitat loss, poaching
<20
Unknown
Habitat loss, poaching
<10
Unknown
Habitat loss, poaching
<10
Unknown
Habitat loss, poaching
<90
DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
During the course of the fieldwork, data on population demographics and group size were collected. Figure 1 shows the frequency of group types observed in giraffe populations. Figure 2 shows the group sizes observed during field work. The most frequently observed group type was that of “mixed sex”; i.e. males and females in the same group. Lone males were the second most frequently observed group type. Mean group size was 14, median group size was 9, modal group size was 1. This information is useful to build a baseline which can be used for conservation management, and for monitoring the success of (re)introductions.
Figure 1 Frequency of group type data for populations of giraffes in Kenya Figure 2 Mean, median and modal group size types observed during field work in Kenya
THREATS FACING GIRAFFES IN KENYA
Little information is available about the threats facing giraffes in Kenya, though it is likely that the threats facing giraffes are similar to those threats facing other large mammal species. Each subspecies of giraffe in Kenya faces slightly different threats, often due to the differences in the areas they inhabit. For example, reticulated giraffes are more at risk to poaching, since they live in an area with more armed conflict and nomadic human cultures, whereas Rothschild’s giraffe are more at risk of habitat loss and genetic restrictions, due to being confined to fenced conservation areas in the Rift Valley. Identification of the threats facing giraffes is critical for the effective development of conservation plans, and in order to identify priorities for future research and conservation work.
A comprehensive review of threats facing giraffes was carried out, and the following list compiled:
Poaching for meat, hides and medicinal uses (of coat and tail) Habitat loss, fragmentation and constriction Loss of migration corridors Insular effects (e.g. fencing and enclosure) Predation by lion, hyena and wild dog Drought/El Nino events (see Brenneman et al. 2009) Possible dietary complications from high tannin concentrations due to forced over consumption of acacia trees may be compromising the health and thriftiness of the young giraffe making them easy and opportunistic prey for the lions (see Brenneman et al. 2009) Food shortage from the decline in preferred Acacia trees (A. xanthophloea) A genetic effect from inbreeding depression Habitat destruction and fragmentation Limited carrying capacity in enclosed conservation areas Habitat destruction, i.e. giraffe mediated heavy debarking of the A. xanthophloea
trees
COMMUNICATIONS
The following communications have been delivered in relation to this work:
August 2015: GCF Giraffe Indaba, South African College of Wildlife, South Africa Presentation given and poster presented about giraffe research work in Kenya Participation in the IUCN Giraffe & Okapi Specialist Group (GOSG) workshop
May 2016: Giraffid conference held at Brookfield Zoo, IL, USA Guest Speaker; one-hour presentation given on giraffe research work in Kenya
Muller, Z. (2016) White giraffes: The first record of vitiligo in a wild adult giraffe. African Journal of Ecology, Early view online DOI: 10.1111/aje.12323
People’s Trust for Endangered Species Final Report: May 2016
Focal species: Subspecies:
Project location:
Giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis Masaai giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi Reticulated giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata Rothschild’s giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi Kenya
OVERVIEW
Populations of giraffes Giraffa camelopardalis are declining in the wild, with some populations having suffered an 80% decline in the past ten years. In comparison to other large African mammals, giraffes have been largely overlooked in terms of research attention and conservation action. In recent years, the extent to which giraffe populations have declined across Africa has only just started to become apparent.
Currently (as of May 2016), giraffes are listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. However, this listing does not reflect the true conservation status of giraffes in the wild, and is more a reflection of limited conservation focus on giraffes, and a lack of comprehensive status reviews. Of the nine currently recognised subspecies, two have been assessed at the subspecies level, and seven are currently unassessed. The two which have been assessed - G. c. Rothschildi and G. c. peralta – are both listed as Endangered. When the remaining seven subspecies are reviewed, it is likely that their conservation classification will change to better reflect current population status.
Kenya is the only country in Africa with three giraffe subspecies; G. c. Rothschildi, G. c. tippelskirchi and G. c. reticulata, and as such, holds the highest level of giraffe biodiversity in Africa. Of these, G. c. Rothschildi is classified as Endangered with fewer than an estimated 1,100 individuals remaining in the wild. G. c reticulata is thought to number fewer than 5,000 individuals, and has suffered a 40% decline in the past ten years. G. c. tippelskirchi has suffered an 80% decline in the past ten years.
Despite such alarming figures, there is little research or conservation work focused on giraffes in comparison to other large mammals, and the species has traditionally been overlooked. This project sought to address this lack of knowledge by conducting a general review and overall assessment of giraffe populations in Kenya. A country-wide assessment of giraffe populations is critical to Kenya’s conservation plans for giraffes.
Table 1 lists the three subspecies found in Kenya.
Table 1 Overview of the three giraffe subspecies found in Kenya.
Subspecies Masaai giraffe
Scientific name
Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi
IUCN Red List classification Not yet assessed at the subspecies level
Reticulated giraffe
Giraffa camelopardalis Not yet assessed at
reticulata
the subspecies level
Rothschild’s giraffe
Giraffa camelopardalis Endangered (2010) rothschildi
Distribution
Main threats facing this subspecies
Southern Kenya and throughout Tanzania
North-eastern Kenya, southern Ethiopia, Somalia
Rift valley region of Kenya, and Uganda
Livestock farming & ranching Livestock farming & ranching -
Nomadic grazing Livestock farming & ranching - Small-
holder grazing, ranching or farming Roads & railroads Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals -
Intentional mortality (human use) War, civil unrest & military exercises Livestock farming & ranching Livestock farming & ranching -
Nomadic grazing Livestock farming & ranching - Small-
holder grazing, ranching or farming Roads & railroads Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals -
Intentional mortality (human use) War, civil unrest & military exercises Livestock farming & ranching Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals -
Intentional mortality (human use) Logging & wood harvesting -
Intentional mortality (human use subsistence/small scale)
PROJECT OBJECTIVES:
To complement and expand current knowledge of giraffe populations in Kenya To provide a generalised overview of giraffe populations in Kenya To identify the distribution of giraffes in Kenya To identify and list the threats facing giraffe populations in Kenya
RESULTS
Data were gathered on the population size and distribution for each of the three giraffe subspecies found in Kenya. Data were gathered and collated from a variety of sources, including direct counts, published population estimates, wildlife surveys, unpublished technical reports and KWS census reports.
The total number of giraffes in Kenya is estimated at 19,221 individuals. Of this figure, Masaai giraffes account for the highest proportion of all giraffes in Kenya (54%), reticulated giraffes represent the second highest proportion (44%) and Rothschild’s giraffes are the fewest at 2%.
ROTHSCHILD’S GIRAFFE POPULATION SIZE
The estimated population size of Rothschild’s giraffes in Kenya is 410 individuals (see table 2). Threats are mainly related to habitat loss and inbreeding, since they are largely constricted to confined populations in the Rift Valley region of Kenya.
Table 2 Estimated population size for the Rothschild's giraffe in Kenya
ACTUAL COUNT DATA 2014/15 Ruma National Park Lake Nakuru National Park Soysambu Conservancy Kigio Conservancy Ruko Conservancy Giraffe Centre, Nairobi Mwea National Reserve
TOTAL ESTIMATE DATA 2010 – UNVERIFIED 2014/15 Mt. Elgon NP Murgor Farm, Iten Sergoit -Kruger Farm, Iten Kitale area farm Nasalot National Reserve
TOTAL
Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi IUCN status: Endangered
Population size
Status
Threats
68
Stable
Poaching, habitat loss
89
Stable / declining Predation
78
Increasing
Inbreeding, disease
32
Increasing
Inbreeding, disease
9
Increasing
None
10
Stable
Inbreeding, predation
34
Stable / increasing Poaching, habitat loss
320
<20
Unknown
Habitat loss, poaching
<20
Unknown
Habitat loss, poaching
<20
Unknown
Habitat loss, poaching
<10
Unknown
Habitat loss, poaching
<10
Unknown
Habitat loss, poaching
<90
DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
During the course of the fieldwork, data on population demographics and group size were collected. Figure 1 shows the frequency of group types observed in giraffe populations. Figure 2 shows the group sizes observed during field work. The most frequently observed group type was that of “mixed sex”; i.e. males and females in the same group. Lone males were the second most frequently observed group type. Mean group size was 14, median group size was 9, modal group size was 1. This information is useful to build a baseline which can be used for conservation management, and for monitoring the success of (re)introductions.
Figure 1 Frequency of group type data for populations of giraffes in Kenya Figure 2 Mean, median and modal group size types observed during field work in Kenya
THREATS FACING GIRAFFES IN KENYA
Little information is available about the threats facing giraffes in Kenya, though it is likely that the threats facing giraffes are similar to those threats facing other large mammal species. Each subspecies of giraffe in Kenya faces slightly different threats, often due to the differences in the areas they inhabit. For example, reticulated giraffes are more at risk to poaching, since they live in an area with more armed conflict and nomadic human cultures, whereas Rothschild’s giraffe are more at risk of habitat loss and genetic restrictions, due to being confined to fenced conservation areas in the Rift Valley. Identification of the threats facing giraffes is critical for the effective development of conservation plans, and in order to identify priorities for future research and conservation work.
A comprehensive review of threats facing giraffes was carried out, and the following list compiled:
Poaching for meat, hides and medicinal uses (of coat and tail) Habitat loss, fragmentation and constriction Loss of migration corridors Insular effects (e.g. fencing and enclosure) Predation by lion, hyena and wild dog Drought/El Nino events (see Brenneman et al. 2009) Possible dietary complications from high tannin concentrations due to forced over consumption of acacia trees may be compromising the health and thriftiness of the young giraffe making them easy and opportunistic prey for the lions (see Brenneman et al. 2009) Food shortage from the decline in preferred Acacia trees (A. xanthophloea) A genetic effect from inbreeding depression Habitat destruction and fragmentation Limited carrying capacity in enclosed conservation areas Habitat destruction, i.e. giraffe mediated heavy debarking of the A. xanthophloea
trees
COMMUNICATIONS
The following communications have been delivered in relation to this work:
August 2015: GCF Giraffe Indaba, South African College of Wildlife, South Africa Presentation given and poster presented about giraffe research work in Kenya Participation in the IUCN Giraffe & Okapi Specialist Group (GOSG) workshop
May 2016: Giraffid conference held at Brookfield Zoo, IL, USA Guest Speaker; one-hour presentation given on giraffe research work in Kenya
Muller, Z. (2016) White giraffes: The first record of vitiligo in a wild adult giraffe. African Journal of Ecology, Early view online DOI: 10.1111/aje.12323