Evaluation And Case Study Of Flood Adaptation Tools In Local
Transcript Of Evaluation And Case Study Of Flood Adaptation Tools In Local
EVALUATION AND CASE STUDY OF FLOOD ADAPTATION TOOLS IN LOCAL CLIMATE ACTION PLANS OF US CITIES
By CAO YUN
A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN
ARCHITECTURE STUDIES 2011 1
© 2011 Cao Yun 2
To my family and friends 3
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to acknowledge several important individuals who made the completion of this thesis possible. The support and guidance of family, friends and professors made this experience a very memorable one. Their efforts are greatly appreciated, and the following persons deserve special recognition. I thank Professor Dawn Jourdan for assisting and urging me in the writing process of my thesis. You encouraged me to pursue my research and provided me materials concerning Climate Action Plan. The research methods you imparted to me are very useful. Thank you for helping me pick the study sample and evaluation method of the Local Climate Action Plan(LCAP). I thank Professor Kathryn Frank for providing me with materials concerning the innovation and evaluation of LCAP. Thank you for revising my thesis and showing concern. I thank Professor William Tilson for your assistance of creating an initial understanding of the Capstone Project and shaping a vision for this thesis. Thank you for answering questions about my oral defense and thesis submission. I thanks Qingchang Lu and Suwan Shen for providing the materials concerning climate change, sea level rise and flooding. I arrived at an understanding of the real world vision of climate change through the project information contained in those materials. I thank Miaomiao He and Yibo Zhang for discussing the thesis with me and keeping me company throughout this time. Our discussions helped me shaped my idea about the topic more clearly; your company has encouraged me to persist in both writing and thinking. And lastly but not least: I thank my family for your love and support.
4
TABLE OF CONTENT
page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................................. 4
TABLE OF CONTENT .................................................................................................................. 7
LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... 7
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ 8
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 11
2 LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................................... 15
The Definition of Climate Change ........................................................................................ 15 The Observed Effects of Climate Change ............................................................................. 16
Increased Temperature.................................................................................................... 16 Sea Level Rise ................................................................................................................ 16 Decreased Snow And Ice Extent .................................................................................... 16 Precipitation Variation .................................................................................................... 16 Extreme Weather ............................................................................................................ 17 How Does Climate Change Impact Modern Cities?.............................................................. 17 Heat Waves ..................................................................................................................... 17 Flooding and Storms....................................................................................................... 17 Droughts ......................................................................................................................... 18 Infectious Diseases ......................................................................................................... 18 Air Pollution ................................................................................................................... 19 What Are The Modern Cities' Responses To Climate Change? ............................................ 19 Mitigation strategies ....................................................................................................... 19 Adaptation Strategies...................................................................................................... 20 Climate Action Plan ............................................................................................................... 22 Definition........................................................................................................................ 22 Why is Climate Action Plan Necessary? ........................................................................ 22 The Origins of Local Climate Action Plan ..................................................................... 23 Who is responsible for establishing the Climate Change Action Plan? ......................... 24 The Purpose of Climate Action Plan .............................................................................. 25 The Content of Climate Action Plan .............................................................................. 25 The Establishing Procedure Of LCAP ........................................................................... 26 The Implement of Climate Action Plan .......................................................................... 27 The Monitor and Assessment of Climate Action Plan.................................................... 29 Evaluating Climate Change Action Plans....................................................................... 29 Tools That CAPs Use To Address Flooding .......................................................................... 32 Technology ..................................................................................................................... 32
5
Natural ............................................................................................................................ 35 Laws, Regulations and Policies ...................................................................................... 37 Other ............................................................................................................................... 40
3 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................... 41
Selection of Case Studies....................................................................................................... 41 Analysis Methodology Design .............................................................................................. 42
The Appearance Of Flooding Issues In The LCAPs And How Do The Flooding Adaptation Tools Varies Because Of The Different Condition In The Selected Cities(County) ................................................................................................................ 42 The Characteristics Of The Flooding Adaptation Tools ................................................. 44 Data Collection ............................................................................................................... 46
4 FINDINGS ................................................................................................................................ 48
The Precipitation Variations In Each City(County) Caused By Climate Change.................. 48 The Appearance of Flooding Adaptation Tools in the Local Climate Action Plans(LCAPs) and The Influencing Factors of the LCAPs ........................................................................... 49
King County, WA ........................................................................................................... 49 Chicago, IL ..................................................................................................................... 51 Portland, OR ................................................................................................................... 52 Miami, FL....................................................................................................................... 53 New York City, NY......................................................................................................... 53 Los Angeles, CA............................................................................................................. 55 The Influencing Factors of the LCAPs in The Selected Cities(County) ........................ 55 The Characteristics Of The Flood Adaptation Tools ............................................................. 55 Technology ..................................................................................................................... 55 Natural ............................................................................................................................ 55 Law, Regulation and Policy............................................................................................ 56
5 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION............................................................................................. 69
Case Study Synthesis ............................................................................................................. 69 The Appearance of Flooding Adaptation Tools and How Do The Influencing Factors Influence The Flooding Adaptation Tools ...................................................................... 69 How Do Climate Risk Variables Factors Influence The Flooding Adaptation Tools .... 71 How Do Capacity Risk Factors Influence The Flooding Adaptation Tools ................... 73 The Characteristics Of Flooding Adaptation Tools ........................................................ 75
6 CONCLUSIONS....................................................................................................................... 80
Limitations of Research ......................................................................................................... 82 Recommendations for Future Study ...................................................................................... 83
LIST OF REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 85
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ........................................................................................................ 91
6
LIST OF TABLES
Table
page
3-1 The list of selected cases. ................................................................................................. 46
3-2 The influencing factors of the local cliamte action plans(LCAPs). .................................. 46
4-1 Times of appearance of flooding in LCAPs. ..................................................................... 57
4-2 Vulnerability- risk matrix for identifying priority areas.................................................... 58
4-3 Flooding adaptation actions in the king county's LCAP. .................................................. 59
4-4 The flooding adaptation actions in PlaNYC...................................................................... 60
4-5 The comparison of the appearance of flooding adaptation tools in LCAPs...................... 62
4-6 The flooding adaptation actions in LA's LCAP. ............................................................... 63
4-7 The influencing factors of the LCAPs in the selected cities(county). ............................... 64
4-8 The name and characteristics of the tools in the LCAP. ................................................... 70
4-9 The numbers of flood adaptation tools of different characteristics. .................................. 73
7
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
page
4-1 Conditions in the selected cities(county).......................................................................... 61
4-2 The composition of flooding adaptation tools in selected cities(county).. ........................ 64
5-1 Numbers of flooding adaptation tools in each LCAP and their percentages..................... 78
5-2 Numbers of flooding adaptation tools in each LCAP and their percentages..................... 79
8
Abstract of Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Architecture Studies
EVALUATION AND CASE STUDY OF FLOOD ADAPTATION STRATEGIES IN LOCAL CLIMATE ACTION PLANS IN US
By
Cao Yun
Chair: William Tilson Co-chair: Dawn Jourdan Major: Architecture
December 2011
Climate change is a pressing issue faced by the our generation. Climate change has brought a series
of impacts on the urban environment. Among them flooding is one of the most common challenges. In
order to mitigate and adapt to flooding, many cities adopted strategies in their Local Climate Action
Plans(LCAPs) to address flooding. This research is aiming to analyze the appearance, categories and the
influencing factors of the flooding adaptation tools in the LCAPs.
This research reviews a range of materials. The information extracted including the climate change,
the modern cities' response to climate change, the climate action plan, and the flooding adaptation tools.
This research engages a multiple case study with embedded analysis units method to evaluate the flooding
adaptation tools in six LCAPs. They are the LCAP of King County, WA, Chicago, IL, Portland, OR,
Miami, FL, New York City, NY, Los Angeles, CA. The research examines the content of the LCAPs
systematically, then analysis the appearance and categories of the flooding adaptation tools in- depth. The
research also analyzes the different conditions in selected cities(county). Examines the climate
influencing factors and capacity influencing factors in different cites(county), in order to find out how the
factors influencing the utilization of the tools.
The analyze and discussion about the collected data show that the appearance of flooding
adaptation tools in the LCAPs is of high frequency. And there are a mainly three categories of them:
1)technology, 2)natural, law, 3)regulation and policy. The three kinds of tools usually appears together in
9
the LCAPs. The research also generate other important finding such as the linkage between the flooding adaptation and urban planning, the urban planner's position in the creation of LCAPs, etc.
10
By CAO YUN
A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN
ARCHITECTURE STUDIES 2011 1
© 2011 Cao Yun 2
To my family and friends 3
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to acknowledge several important individuals who made the completion of this thesis possible. The support and guidance of family, friends and professors made this experience a very memorable one. Their efforts are greatly appreciated, and the following persons deserve special recognition. I thank Professor Dawn Jourdan for assisting and urging me in the writing process of my thesis. You encouraged me to pursue my research and provided me materials concerning Climate Action Plan. The research methods you imparted to me are very useful. Thank you for helping me pick the study sample and evaluation method of the Local Climate Action Plan(LCAP). I thank Professor Kathryn Frank for providing me with materials concerning the innovation and evaluation of LCAP. Thank you for revising my thesis and showing concern. I thank Professor William Tilson for your assistance of creating an initial understanding of the Capstone Project and shaping a vision for this thesis. Thank you for answering questions about my oral defense and thesis submission. I thanks Qingchang Lu and Suwan Shen for providing the materials concerning climate change, sea level rise and flooding. I arrived at an understanding of the real world vision of climate change through the project information contained in those materials. I thank Miaomiao He and Yibo Zhang for discussing the thesis with me and keeping me company throughout this time. Our discussions helped me shaped my idea about the topic more clearly; your company has encouraged me to persist in both writing and thinking. And lastly but not least: I thank my family for your love and support.
4
TABLE OF CONTENT
page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................................. 4
TABLE OF CONTENT .................................................................................................................. 7
LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... 7
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ 8
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 11
2 LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................................... 15
The Definition of Climate Change ........................................................................................ 15 The Observed Effects of Climate Change ............................................................................. 16
Increased Temperature.................................................................................................... 16 Sea Level Rise ................................................................................................................ 16 Decreased Snow And Ice Extent .................................................................................... 16 Precipitation Variation .................................................................................................... 16 Extreme Weather ............................................................................................................ 17 How Does Climate Change Impact Modern Cities?.............................................................. 17 Heat Waves ..................................................................................................................... 17 Flooding and Storms....................................................................................................... 17 Droughts ......................................................................................................................... 18 Infectious Diseases ......................................................................................................... 18 Air Pollution ................................................................................................................... 19 What Are The Modern Cities' Responses To Climate Change? ............................................ 19 Mitigation strategies ....................................................................................................... 19 Adaptation Strategies...................................................................................................... 20 Climate Action Plan ............................................................................................................... 22 Definition........................................................................................................................ 22 Why is Climate Action Plan Necessary? ........................................................................ 22 The Origins of Local Climate Action Plan ..................................................................... 23 Who is responsible for establishing the Climate Change Action Plan? ......................... 24 The Purpose of Climate Action Plan .............................................................................. 25 The Content of Climate Action Plan .............................................................................. 25 The Establishing Procedure Of LCAP ........................................................................... 26 The Implement of Climate Action Plan .......................................................................... 27 The Monitor and Assessment of Climate Action Plan.................................................... 29 Evaluating Climate Change Action Plans....................................................................... 29 Tools That CAPs Use To Address Flooding .......................................................................... 32 Technology ..................................................................................................................... 32
5
Natural ............................................................................................................................ 35 Laws, Regulations and Policies ...................................................................................... 37 Other ............................................................................................................................... 40
3 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................... 41
Selection of Case Studies....................................................................................................... 41 Analysis Methodology Design .............................................................................................. 42
The Appearance Of Flooding Issues In The LCAPs And How Do The Flooding Adaptation Tools Varies Because Of The Different Condition In The Selected Cities(County) ................................................................................................................ 42 The Characteristics Of The Flooding Adaptation Tools ................................................. 44 Data Collection ............................................................................................................... 46
4 FINDINGS ................................................................................................................................ 48
The Precipitation Variations In Each City(County) Caused By Climate Change.................. 48 The Appearance of Flooding Adaptation Tools in the Local Climate Action Plans(LCAPs) and The Influencing Factors of the LCAPs ........................................................................... 49
King County, WA ........................................................................................................... 49 Chicago, IL ..................................................................................................................... 51 Portland, OR ................................................................................................................... 52 Miami, FL....................................................................................................................... 53 New York City, NY......................................................................................................... 53 Los Angeles, CA............................................................................................................. 55 The Influencing Factors of the LCAPs in The Selected Cities(County) ........................ 55 The Characteristics Of The Flood Adaptation Tools ............................................................. 55 Technology ..................................................................................................................... 55 Natural ............................................................................................................................ 55 Law, Regulation and Policy............................................................................................ 56
5 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION............................................................................................. 69
Case Study Synthesis ............................................................................................................. 69 The Appearance of Flooding Adaptation Tools and How Do The Influencing Factors Influence The Flooding Adaptation Tools ...................................................................... 69 How Do Climate Risk Variables Factors Influence The Flooding Adaptation Tools .... 71 How Do Capacity Risk Factors Influence The Flooding Adaptation Tools ................... 73 The Characteristics Of Flooding Adaptation Tools ........................................................ 75
6 CONCLUSIONS....................................................................................................................... 80
Limitations of Research ......................................................................................................... 82 Recommendations for Future Study ...................................................................................... 83
LIST OF REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 85
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ........................................................................................................ 91
6
LIST OF TABLES
Table
page
3-1 The list of selected cases. ................................................................................................. 46
3-2 The influencing factors of the local cliamte action plans(LCAPs). .................................. 46
4-1 Times of appearance of flooding in LCAPs. ..................................................................... 57
4-2 Vulnerability- risk matrix for identifying priority areas.................................................... 58
4-3 Flooding adaptation actions in the king county's LCAP. .................................................. 59
4-4 The flooding adaptation actions in PlaNYC...................................................................... 60
4-5 The comparison of the appearance of flooding adaptation tools in LCAPs...................... 62
4-6 The flooding adaptation actions in LA's LCAP. ............................................................... 63
4-7 The influencing factors of the LCAPs in the selected cities(county). ............................... 64
4-8 The name and characteristics of the tools in the LCAP. ................................................... 70
4-9 The numbers of flood adaptation tools of different characteristics. .................................. 73
7
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
page
4-1 Conditions in the selected cities(county).......................................................................... 61
4-2 The composition of flooding adaptation tools in selected cities(county).. ........................ 64
5-1 Numbers of flooding adaptation tools in each LCAP and their percentages..................... 78
5-2 Numbers of flooding adaptation tools in each LCAP and their percentages..................... 79
8
Abstract of Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Architecture Studies
EVALUATION AND CASE STUDY OF FLOOD ADAPTATION STRATEGIES IN LOCAL CLIMATE ACTION PLANS IN US
By
Cao Yun
Chair: William Tilson Co-chair: Dawn Jourdan Major: Architecture
December 2011
Climate change is a pressing issue faced by the our generation. Climate change has brought a series
of impacts on the urban environment. Among them flooding is one of the most common challenges. In
order to mitigate and adapt to flooding, many cities adopted strategies in their Local Climate Action
Plans(LCAPs) to address flooding. This research is aiming to analyze the appearance, categories and the
influencing factors of the flooding adaptation tools in the LCAPs.
This research reviews a range of materials. The information extracted including the climate change,
the modern cities' response to climate change, the climate action plan, and the flooding adaptation tools.
This research engages a multiple case study with embedded analysis units method to evaluate the flooding
adaptation tools in six LCAPs. They are the LCAP of King County, WA, Chicago, IL, Portland, OR,
Miami, FL, New York City, NY, Los Angeles, CA. The research examines the content of the LCAPs
systematically, then analysis the appearance and categories of the flooding adaptation tools in- depth. The
research also analyzes the different conditions in selected cities(county). Examines the climate
influencing factors and capacity influencing factors in different cites(county), in order to find out how the
factors influencing the utilization of the tools.
The analyze and discussion about the collected data show that the appearance of flooding
adaptation tools in the LCAPs is of high frequency. And there are a mainly three categories of them:
1)technology, 2)natural, law, 3)regulation and policy. The three kinds of tools usually appears together in
9
the LCAPs. The research also generate other important finding such as the linkage between the flooding adaptation and urban planning, the urban planner's position in the creation of LCAPs, etc.
10